India

India
______________________________

/ Jesus -Curses the Fig - Tree /
|
/ Michael / is / An Angel / Holding / The Key to the Bottomle-ss Pit / and / A Great Chain /
|
____|________/ Who is ? of Ahlai / Who is ? of Bozrah / of / Who is ? of Zochar /_____|____
|
/ "You Must Be Born Again" /
|
/ Bee - Koz /
|
/ The Men of Iconium /
|
/ Our Father's Sinned / Who's Father Sin ? / Your First Father Sinned / Sin of Your Father of Sinai /
|
/ Jonah the son of Amitta /
|
/ Avvim / of / Adam / of / City of Adam / and Eve / of / Ninevah /
|
/ Nic-olia-tan-s / of / Hoopoe, and the Bat / of / Hathath / Hathach / Hatched /
|
/ Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Knessets / of / The Eagle of Saladin /
|
/ Axe-Men / of Acts of Luke / of / Lukud of Likhi / Hatched / Under A Kamon /
|
/ Beth -/ Twin-Gazelles that Grazes among the Lilies /- Baal /
|
/ So you shall purge the evil from your midst /
|
/ Up Root the Weeds of / Debauchery / of / Those Who -Despise ? /
|
/ Humpty Dumpty / of / Anuki / of / Aztec -Incah--Micah / Hid Them Selves / Behind-America /
|
_________of_________
|

/ The Many Colors / of / India / Sink / Servant / of / PeaCock-Peter-Ashtorash /
|
/ Consider / The Wheel / of / Sink / Mud / Quick / Sand / of / The -Aim / of / Moadiah's / Fist /
|
/ India - Sink -/ Kernania / India / Hindu-Kush / of / Balak / of / Rajastan /
|
/ Asia Minor / of / Asia / of / Medes / of / India / of / Persian / of / Iran / of / Elam /
|
/ Anna / of [ Sûsân,] of / Susa /
|
/ Britannia and Kernania, the children of Elisha son of Javan /
|
/ The Wheel of / The India / Sink / Servant / The Heel of His Brother-Esau / of / Amalekites /
|
/ Codex of Jared-Kush-Ner / of Mithredath of Cyprus of Craftsmen of / Cook Who is ? of Hook /
|
/ Potters / of / Elkanah / of / Jeroham of Gedor / of / Eliel the Mahavite / of / Pashhur / of / Immer /
|
/ Joseph's Wife Aesenath of Potiphera -(Male and Female) of / Zel-icah the wife of Potiphar /
|
/ Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob / of / Han / Hen / Hin / Hon / Hun / of / The House of Shiloh /
|
/ Malcam / of  / Military Divisions / of / Milcom /
|
/ The Crown and The Temple /
|
/ Hebrew's / who / Intermarried / Amorite / Sons and Daughters of Shechem /
|
/ Persians / of / Shechem son of Hamor son of / Chiddekim / son of Pered / of / Peru /
|
/ Eshtemoa / of / Ashkenaz / of / Kenites  / Oak / Amorites / and / India-ns / of / Sephardi /
|
/ Lot / Who is ? of / A-big-dor / Sy- Nob / of / Abo-Bor-Ig-In-Ese / of / Ben-Jamin-nite / of / Esau /
|
/ A Deluge / of / Tur-Kish / India-ns / of / Zochar / of / Kurd-ish / Cow-Boy-s / of / Eshtemoa /
|
/ Ben-Gehazi / of / Cabul-ist / of / Ball / Club / Servant /
|
/ The Sect of The Sea of Goiim in Galilee / of / The Lee of Cyprus / of / Cabul-ist / of / Nazareth /
|
/ Amalekites / Breeders / of / Antioch / -Has- / Massah / of / Aram son of Kemuel / of / Box /
|
/ Carites / of / Ink / of / Missing (Link)-Ly-nx / of / Sink /
|
/ India / Sink / Servant /
|
/ The Three / of  / Bear -Orion- Pleiades / of / The Leprechaun /
|
/ Joseph / of / Ichabod / of / Agur - Jagur / of / Shelomi / of / Potters /
|
/ Beor's / of / Horite / Cross / Rhodes / Intermarried / Omar / Bin / Laden / of / Chorazin /
|
/ Sen / The Tribes / of / Susanna, / of / SU-DAN-ESE / of / Sue - India-ns / of / Meso-America /
|
/ Wings of / San / Sen / Sin / Son / Sun /
|
/ Servant / of / Levites of Poles / of / Bronze Serpent / of / Polish Politics / of / Devil /
|
/ I will shoot- three -arrows / and the wicked -bend the bow; /
|
/ Ulai canal / Canals of Codex of Annals of Tus-cana-n / of / Chebar Canal /
|
/ The Cook / of / Anuki of Ongolis / Feather of Nun / Sue-India-ns of  Rabbah Who is ? of Hook /
|
/ That is / The Place of a Skull / That Throws Blood / Muslim / Crypto Jews from Asia /
____________________________________________________________________________
| | |

/ Surely / -Orange and Green /

Sikhism

/ Sickle / of / Turbans /

Indian_National_Congress

/ Consider / Who 's? / Fist /
|
/ Leaven / Janeas /
|
/ Sun Stands Still /
|
/ Who Stood Still ? /
|
/ Who Can Stand ? /

/ Beam / Me Up / Scotty /

Mahatma_Gandhi

/ Ga- of Long Robes /

Hindu

/ Han / Hen / Hin / Hon / Hun /

Indian_religions

/ Sun Dark /

/ Eran / Almonds. / Nuts- /

Islam_and_Sikhism

/ The Ayatollah / of / Islam /

Scythians

/ Scythian /
|
/ Jahdai of Casiphia /
|
/ Sun Stands Still /
|
/ Who Stood Still ? /
|
/ Who Can Stand ? /

__________|___________________________|___________________________|__________

/ Parable of Weeds- Explained /
|
/ Bee - Koz / Weeds / Grew / UP Tou-Gether / In The Garden /
|
/ Attila the Hun /
|
/ Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob / of / Han / Hen / Hin / Hon / Hun / of / The House of Shiloh /
|
/ Attila the Hun / Attai / of / Ittai / of / Italians of Italy / of / Attalia /
|
/ Ittai the Gittite / is / Ittai the son of Ribai of Gibeah /
|
/ Jonah the son of Amitta /
|
/ Roman / Rome / Romah / Romia / Remaliah / Remaliah / Rumah / Ramah / Raamah / Raama /
|
/ Sea-sons /
|
/ Sumer-That is Summer Fruit) /
|
/ Ptolema-ic / of / Publius / of / Syracuse,/ Sicily / of / Silesia / of / Cilicia / of / Seleu-cia /
|
/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
|
/ The Ancient-Rheg-ium / Regem / of / Rogelim /
|
/ Craftsman-Galatian-Merchants /
|
/ Consider / Spie-s-/-Der-s / of / Mole -- Boar-- Sow--Web / of / Ra-Venous -Venom /
|
/ Gilgal / of / Jeri-cho / of / Shiloh /
_______________________________________________________________________
| | |

/ San / Sen / Sin / Son / Sun /

Bukharan_Jews

/ Appaim: / Maasai / Maa- /

Mahavira

/ House of Eli /
|
/ That is / Javan-ese /
|
/ Janeas /

/ Ar- / Er- / Ir- / Or- / Ur- /

Emirate_of_Bukhara

___________|___________________________|____________________________|__________

/ Potters / of / Elkanah / of / Jeroham of Gedor / of / Eliel the Mahavite / of Pashhur of Immer /
|
/ Korah's Rebellion / Moab Rebelled (Kir-hareseth) / Rebellion of Sheba /
|
[ The Great-Prostitute and the Beast ]
|
/ Jehoshaphat / Made A Marriage Alliance with / Ahab /
|
/ Madai of Kemuel of Kêsêd /
|
/ Greek / Amorica / Golgoth-ic / Sabeans / Persians /
|
/ Jar of Carpenters - Bees of Bear / Tyrian / Oil / Craftsman / in the Carcass-Or-body of the lion, /
|
/ Sickle / of / Carpenter Bees / of / Tyre / Y Eye I / Tiras / of / Craftsman / of / Hammer /
|
/ Sir / -are- / Lords / Rulers / Daites / and / Knights /
|
/ Lyre / Y Eye I / L-ir-e / 's ? /

______________________________________________________

Jehu Executes Jezebel

But when they went to bury her, they found no more of her than the skull and the feet
and the palms of her hands.
__________________________

2 Kings 9:35
But when they went to bury her, they found no more of her than the skull and the feet and the palms of her hands.
2 Kings 9:34-36 (in Context) 2 Kings 9 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations

Shinto

/ Sha- / She- / Shi- hin- Tou / Sho- / Shu- /
|
/ Shechem / Who is ? of The Owl Is the seed yet in the barn? Who is ? of The Couch / of / Dinah /
|
of
|
/ Consp-ic-uous- / CIA / --/ Chi-/-iz-zi-/-ina /-- / Micah /-Cons-ola-tion /
|
/ Their Elders /--Hanan--/ Head and Tail /
|
/ Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob / of / Han / Hen / Hin / Hon / Hun / of / The House of Shiloh /
|
/ Carites of Kartan of Carchemish of Karnek / Who is ? of Bozrah / Adinah of Joktan of Cush /
|
/ Lucus King of Sardunia / of / Cyrene / Y Eye I / C-ir-ene / of / Gibeah's Crime /
|
/ Iberiah / of / Ge-rmany / Y-Eye-I / Ger-Mani-ic / of / Iberiah /
|
/ Tyre / Y Eye I / Tiras /
|
/ Tiras are the Rushash, Cushni, and Ongolis /
|
/ Poison / of / Leaven / of / Mandrake / of / Son of Man - Drake /
|
/ Pledges / Set Up In Secret / Oaths /
|
/ Roman / Cyripto Jew / Ottoman /
|
|---------/ Byza-anti-ne / Y Eye I / Biz-an-tin-e /-------|
| | |
/ Emmanuel /----/ Roman / Cyripto Jew / Ottoman /--/ Immanuel /
|
/ Five Golden Tumors and Five Golden Mice /
|
/ Segub / of / Serug to Seraiah / of / Serpent / of / Bronze Serpent / of / Serug /
|
/ Abi-Lot of Madai-Maine-Magog of Sy-Nod / of / Sardis / of / Gog / of / Synagogue / of Satan /
|
/ Iberiah / of / Ge-rmany / Y-Eye-I / Ger-Mani-ic / of / Iberiah /
|
/ Trader / Dealer / Merchant / of / Laborers In the Vineyard / of / PeaCock-Peter-Ashtorash /
___________________________________________________________
| | |

/ Pledges / Set Up In Secret /

Abrahamic_religions

/ Who is ? of Zochar /
|
/ Abr-Bru-Ru-UZ-ZZ-Zo- /

/ Ben-jamin-nite / Oaths /

Abrahamic_religions

/ Z-ion-ism /
|
/ Sh-rines / of / Carmel /
|
/ The Singers /
|
/ Unic's / Cross / Blood /

/ San / Sen / Sin / Son / Sun /

Buddhism

/ The Wheel of Elijah /
|
/ Towel ?-Men /

_|||

/ Now / Consider / Who 's? / Fist / of / What Falls / On Your Own Head / of / The Fall /
|
[ Vengeance on Midian ]
|
/ Tabor / of / A Rose / of / Sharon / of / A Stench / of / Carmel /
|
/ The Singers of The Wheel of Elijah /
|
/ Ban / Ib-ben / Ben / Bin / Bon / Jew-ish-Bund-les /
|
/ Hasham / Hushim / Hushah - Copy 5 /
|
[Abomination in the Temple]
|
/ Elect-or-ates / of / The Leech / of / Sh-rines / of / Carmel / of / "Beyond the Jordan" /
|
/ Bab- / Beb- / Bib- / Bob- / Bub- /
|
/ Boliv-arian /---/ Avvim /---/ Bav-arian /
|
/ Bulg-arian /---/ Mer-arian /---/ Hung-arian /
|
/ Aryan / Y Eye I / Ar-ri-an / of / Beth-Togarmah / of / Haz Hazar Hazor /
|
/ The Leech / of / Lod and Ono / of / Zech-ariah /
|
/ Ptolema-ic / of / Publius / of / Syracuse,/ Sicily / of / Silesia / of / Cilicia / of / Seleu-cia /
|
/ Z-ado-k / of / Sh-ado-w / Shadow-Governor-ment / of / Tir-shatha /
|
/ The Hasmonean Dynasty of / Maacah / Maccabees / Bees / of / Alphaeus / of / Janiah /
|
/ Pirates of the Caribean /
|
/ Box / of / Certain- Men War of Beth-Shemesh / of / Gehazi / of / Areli / of / Felix /
|
/ The Leech / of / Lod and Ono / of / Zech-ariah /
|
/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
|
/ Greece / Who is ? / Salamis --Salome-Salma--Salmon-Salmone / Who is ? / Greece /
|
/ Five Golden Tumors and Five Golden Mice /
|
/ Ramah / Romah / Rome / Roman / Raamah /
|
/ Sea-sons /
|
/ Sumer-That is Summer Fruit) /
|
/ Consider / Benjamin Netanyahu / Who is ? / The Signet Ring / Ring / Lea-der / of / The Sect /
|
/ Sibboleth / Shibboleth /
|
of
|
/ Sons of Anarchy / of / Decapolis /
|
/ Consider / The Timber and Stones / of / Bdellium / Who ? / Cut - Corners /
|
/ Pledges / Set Up In Secret / Oaths /
|
/ Avith / Pau / Pai / of / Kings of Edom /
|
/ Consider / Those Who / Escaped / Exile / and / The Sack of Rome / Labored / In / Vain /
|
/ Cretans / of / Manaen / of / Manoah / of / Maon / of / Mahlon / of / Mahol / of / Mayon /
|
/ Chamberlain / The Key to the Bottomle-ss Pit / Chamber / of / US / Treasuries / Chest / Box /
|
/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
|
/ My House / of / Trumpet / of / House of Card's-ignals / of / WineSkin / of / Sign /
|
/ Hid Them Selves / Behind-America /
|
/ Potters / of / Elkanah / of / Jeroham of Gedor / of / Eliel the Mahavite / of Pashhur of Immer /
|
Britannia and Kernania, the children of Elisha son of Javan,
______________________________________________________
| | |

/ Paltith / of / Javan /

/ Pala_Empire /

/ Milk and Honey /

/ Carites / of / Berni-cia /

/ Devon /

/ WineSkin /

/ The sons of Elpaal /

/ Devapala /

/ Milk and Honey /

________|___________________________|____________________________|________

/ Tamar / of / Certain man- Hirah the Adull-ami-te / Lee of / Kent /
|
/ Paltith / Pau / of / Rephael / of / Palti / Paltiel /
The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word, Vihara (Devanagari: विहार), which means "abode". The region roughly encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabakat-i-Nasirithat in 1198 AD, Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town now known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km away from Bodh Gaya.[26][27] Later, Bakhtiyar learned that the town was a college, and the word for college is bihar.
______________________________________________________________________
| | |

/ Synagogue /

Ohel_Leah_Synagogue

/ Ohel / Leah /

/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /

Great_Synagogue

/ Chi-hin-ese /

/ Emmanuel /

Ohel_Rachel_Synagogue

/ Ohel / Rachel /

_|_|____|

/ Oh- / Hel- / Oph-rah /
|
/ Hallohesh / Ben-Zoheth /
|
/ Tophel / Ohel / Ophrah / Nophah / Zophah / Netophah / Nephtoah /
|
/ Atroth-shophan /
|
/ Ophel / Tohu / Zophim / Topheth / Ahithophel / Netophathites / Prophet-ess /
|
/ Hellenists /
|
/ Seven Churches /
/ Angean / Seleucia / Asia Minor / Asia /
/ Balkans Region /
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphia h / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
/ Madai / of / Magog / of / Sy-Nod / of / Anuki / of / Gog / of / Synagogue / of / Satan /
|
_of_
|
/ Sachar the Hararite /
|
/ Sychar / Y-EYE-I / Si-ic-cha-har /
|
/ Sachar/Shahar/Hararite the Hararite /
|
/ Sachet / Sack-Cloth / Bag /
|
/ Baggage / of / Michmash / of / Baggage /
|
/ Machpelah / of / Baggage / of / Michmash /
|
[ The Sin of Achan ]
|
/ Only the trunk of Dagon was left to him. / Beth- Baal / of -Dagon/Dragon / of The / Box /
|
/ The Matter / of / The Many Colors / of / The Craftsmen / Who is ? Dan's / Pen-tagon / Box /
_________________________________________________________________
| | |

/ The Jackals of Shinar /
|
/ Ben-Jamin-nite /
|
/ Tel-Aviv's Shi- Hin-Tou /

India–Israel relations

/ Trump - Builds -Towers /
|
/ Malcam's King Hiram /
|
/ Moadiah's Maon-ist /

Narendra_Modi

/ 4) Rushash-Ukraine-Rosh /
|
/ Tabor's Tib-Bet's Elpaal. /
|
/ The House of Shiloh /

Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh

/ Mandrake's of Reuben /

Multan

/ Laban-ese / Malta-ese /

/ Chi-hin-ese / Elephants /

Dongguan

/ Feather of Phanuel /

/ The Wheel of Tyrian / Oil /

Delhi_Multan_Road

/ Portug-ese /

Nepal

/ The sons of Elpaal /

Chinese_Surinamese

/ Sur- Han- / Pagans /

Tibet

/ Tiberius-Ceasar /

Shan_people

/ Han / of / Bashan /

Adinath

/ Janeas son of Adinah /

Shah

/ Shahar / Knights /

________|___________________________|_____________________________|_________

/ Shaharaim / of / Bashan / of / Surname / of / Shah - Indian / Persian /
|
/ Carites / of / Aram-Balak / of / Tartan's /
|
/ Bela sons of Beor son of Janeas son of Balaam son's of Beor son of Laban / and Adinah /
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphia h / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
/ Aryan / Y Eye I / Ar-ri-an / of / Togarmah / of / Haz Hazar Hazor /
|
/ Their Elders /--Hanan--/ Head and Tail /
|
/ Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob / of / Han / Hen / Hin / Hon / Hun / of / The House of Shiloh /
|
/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
|
/ The Hasmonean Dynasty of / Maacah / Maccabees / Bees / of / Alphaeus / of / Janiah /
____________________________________________________________________________
| |

/ Ongolis /

Mughal Empire

/ Islam / of Kernainia of Thebes /

/ Cabul-ist /

Kabul

/ Iz- / Mizraim / Izhar / I-zrah-ite / Ezra /

Kingdom_of_Kush

/ Abianus / of / Kikianus /
|
/ SU-DAN-ESE /
|
/ King Hiram / of / Tyre /

Kushan_Empire

/ Kernania / Kerma / Cush /

Mushan, Iran

/ Sel-eu-cia /
|
/ Ayatollah /
|
/ The Brit-Ish-Raja /

________|____________________________|_____________________________|________

/ Mede / Midian / Medan /
|
/ 2) Germain-Olive-Oil of Towns of Gerar /
|
/ Tarshish -/ Spain-/ Kar-tah / Ker-ioth / Kir-Qatar-Atar / Kor-ah / Kurd-ish /-Ukraine -Rosh /
|
/ Madai-Maine- of / 3) Spain-Tarshish / 5)-Kartah-Qatar-Bahrain / of 4) Rushash-Ukraine-Rosh /
|
/ Iberiah / of / Ge-rmany / Y-Eye-I / Ger-Mani-ic / of / Iberiah /
|
/ Azarel - Dan/Moab / of / The Leech / of / Lod and Ono / of / Zech-ariah / of Buk-ki son of Jogli /
|
/ Ptolema-ic / of / Publius / of / Syracuse,/ Sicily / of / Silesia / of / Cilicia / of / Seleu-cia /
_______________________________________________________________________
| |

/ Ptolema-ic / of / House of Saud /

Abadan,_Iran

/ Abaddon / of / Bozrah /

/ Tur-Kish / Kurd-ish /

Razavi_Khorasan_Province

/ Chorazin / of / Chorash / of / Chorashan /

________________|________________________________________|_________________

____|________/ Who is ? of Ahlai / Who is ? of Bozrah / of / Who is ? of Zochar /_____|____
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphia h / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
/ Hor- / Shiho-r / Chorazin / Nahor / Beth-Horon / Chorash / Chorashan / Hormah / Horite /
|
/ Becorath / Bec-orath/ Ast-orath / K-orathites / Z-orathites / Uzzia the Ashterathite /
|
/ Mordecai son of Jair, son of Shimei Son of Gera Brother of Bela /
|
/ Shimei son of Kish, a Ben-Jamin-nite, / of / Bahurim, /
|
/ Kish, the son of Abiel, son of Zeror, son of Becorath, son of Aphiah /
|
/ Hori / Horeb / Horem /
|
/ Horesh /
|
/ Horam / Horde / Horn / Horanaim / Horse /
|
/ Bor- / Bor-ashan / Korah's Rebellion / The Rebellion of Sheba /
of
/ Jetur /
|
/ Koran / Quran / Choran /
|
/ Ron / Sharon / Aaron / Shimron / Ekron / Choran /
|
/ Corinthians / Then take -balances for weighing and divide the hair. / of / Thessalonian's /
|
/ Nazareth / Na-zar-ene / Nazirite /
___________________________________________________________________

/ Akeldama /
|
/ Akeldama, That is, Field of Blood. /
|
/ Beth- / West / Mede / Black Flags / Midian / East / -Baal /
_________________________________________________________
| | |

/ Ottoman /

/ Kurd-ish /

/ Asia Minor of Kemuel /

Greater_Khorasan

/ Black Flags /
|

/ Caleb /
|
/ Who is ? of Mordecai, /

/ Grapes Who is ? of Rabbah /

Sultanate_of_Muscat

/ Son O Man /

__________________|______________________________________|_______________

/ Mede / Midian / Medan /
|
/ And Moses called Bezalel and Oholiab /
and
every craftsman in whose mind the Lord had put skill,
everyone whose heart -stirred him up to come to do the work.
|
/ And Moses called Mishael and Elzaphan, the sons of Uzziel the uncle of Aaron /
|
These were the names of the men whom Moses sent to spy out the land.
|
/ And Moses Called Hoshea Joshua the son of Nun from the tribe of Ephraim /
|
/ Joshua the son of Nun / Hoshea the son of Nun /
|
/ Hoshea son of Elah son of Caleb the Kenizzite son of Jephunneh son of Jether /
|
/ Caleb / of / Jether / of / Korah son of Jetzer son of Kehath / of / Jethro / of / Jetur /
and
kill the Passover lamb.
|
But Moses Called to them, and Aaron
and
all the leaders of the congregation returned to him,
and
Moses talked with them.
|
22 And David left the things in charge of the keeper of the baggage and ran to the ranks and went and greeted his brothers. 23 As he talked with them, behold, the champion, the Philistine of Gath, Goliath by name, came up out of the ranks of the Philistines and spoke the same words as before. And David heard him.
|
[ Eutychus Raised from the Dead ]
On the first day of the week, when we were gathered together to break bread,
Paul talked with them,
intending to depart on the next day,
and
he prolonged his speech until midnight.
|

/ Pledges / Set Up In Secret / Oaths /
|
/ Z-ado-k / of / Sh-ado-w / Shadow-Governor-ment / of / Tir-shatha /
|
/ Do-dan-im / of / Rhodes / of / Amos / of / Samos / of / Emmaus / of / R-hine / of / P-hine-has /
|
/ Seleu-cia / of / Jair and Tola / of / Ptolema-ic /
|
/ Sibboleth / Shibboleth /
|
/ Cretans / of / Manaen / of / Manoah / of / Maon / of / Mahlon / of / Mahol / of / Mayon /
|
/ Ayatollah / of / Attalia / of / Tola / of / Anatolia /
|
/ Tola / son of Puah, son of Dodo, a man of Issachar,
|
/ Tola / son of Puah, son of Dodo, a man of Issachar,
|
After Abimelech there arose to save Israel Tola the son of Puah, son of Dodo,
a man of Issachar,
and
he lived at Shamir in the hill country of Ephraim.
|
15Then the king of Egypt said to the Hebrew midwives, one of whom was named
Shiphrah and the other Puah,
|
16 “When you serve as midwife to the Hebrew women and see them on the birth stool,
if it is a son, you shall kill him, but if it is a daughter, she shall live.”
17 But the midwives feared God and did not do as the king of Egypt commanded them,
but let the male children live.
18 So the king of Egypt called the midwives and said to them,
“Why have you done this, and let the male children live?”
19 The midwives said to Pharaoh,
“Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women, for they are vigorous
and give birth before the midwife comes to them.”
20 So God dealt well with the midwives.
And the people multiplied and grew very strong.
21 And because the midwives feared God, he gave them families.
22 Then Pharaoh commanded all his people,
“Every son that is born to the Hebrews you shall cast into the Nile,
but you shall let every daughter live.”
|
/ Eleazar the son of Dodo, son of Ahohi. /
|
/ Tola / son of Puah, son of Dodo, a man of Issachar,
and
he lived at Shamir in the hill country of Ephraim.
|
/ Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem, /
|
/ Attila the Hun / Attai / of / Ittai the Gittite / of / Italians of Italy / of / Attalia /
|
/ Sickle / of / Carpenter Bees / of / Tyre / Y Eye I / Tiras / of / Craftsman / of / Hammer /
|
/ Jar of Carpenters - Bees of Bear / Tyrian / Oil / Craftsman / in the Carcass-Or-body of the lion, /
|
/ Kar-tah / Ker-ioth / Kir- / Kor-ah / Kurd-ish /
|
/ Ittai the Gittite / is / Ittai the son of Ribai of Gibeah /
|
/ Shimei son of Kish, a Ben-Jamin-nite, / of / 5)-Kartah-Qatar-Bahrain /
|
5)-Kartah-Qatar-Bahrain of Shimei Son of Gera Brother of Bela /
|
/ Ahlai / and / Attai / son of / Jarah / of / Jarha / of / Sheshan's Egyptian slave / of Ishi /
|
/ Scythian / of / Atarah / of / Jarha / of / Jahdai / of / Jerah of Joktan / of / Shaharaim /
|
/ Dodo / Eg-gg's of Do-eg the Edomite / Who ? / Do The Math / of / Abi-Lot / of / Job /
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphia h / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
[ Obedience of the Rechabites ]
|
Behold, I am bringing upon Judah
and
all the inhabitants of Jerusalem all the disaster that I have pronounced against them,
because I have spoken to them and they have not listened,
I have called to them and they have not answered.”
|
Then Then Moses Called all the elders of Israel
and
said to them,
“Go and select lambs for yourselves according to your clans,
_________________________________________________________________________
| | |

Yemen

/ Ben-Jamin-nite /-Atar /
|
/ Sabeans /

Qatar

/ 5)-Kartah-Qatar-Bahrain /
|
/ Sabeans /
|
/ Pirates of Caribbean /

Oman

/ Ben-Jamin-nite /-Atar /
|
/ Sabeans /

______|_____________________________|__________________________|__________

/ Spain-/ Kar-tah / Ker-ioth / Kir-Qatar-Atar / Kor-ah / Kurd-ish /-Ukraine /
|
/ Amaw / of / Eri-trea / of / Bar-Riot /
|
/ Philip and the / Ethiopian- Unic's / of / his Brother / Herod /
____________________________________________________________________
| |

Kazakhstan

/ Râsû’ĕjâ of Rajasthan /

Central_Asia

/ Casiphia / of / Asia /

_______________|_________________________________________|_____________

/ Spain-/ Kar-tah / Ker-ioth / Kir-Qatar-Atar / Kor-ah / Kurd-ish /-Ukraine /
|
/ Madai-Maine- of / 3) Spain-Tarshish / 5)-Kartah-Qatar-Bahrain / of 4) Rushash-Ukraine-Rosh /
|
/ 2) Germain-Olive-Oil of Towns of Gerar /
________________________________________________________________________
| | |

Russian_Empire

/ 4) Rushash-Ukraine-Rosh /

Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Chelm

/ Hillel /

Mongol_Empire

/ Ongolis /
|
/ The Tribes /
|
/ Ben-Jamin-nite /

Sino-Russian_relations_since_1991

/ Kareah /

Karaite_Judaism

/ Carites /

_______|___________________________|___________________________|______

/ Hung-ariah / of / Tiras are the Rushash, Cushni, and Ongolis / of / Attila the Hun /
____________________________________
|

Pakistan

Geonim

/ Cabul-ist / of / Polish Politics / of / Tanners / of / S-ham / of / Ethiopian- Unic's / of / Bezalel /

Hindu_Kush

_________________|_________________

/ Kernania / India / Hindu-Kush /
|
/ Kernania /
/ Thebes of Greece / Thebes of Egypt / Thebes of Assyria /
|
/ Amaw / of / Eri-trea / of / Bar-Riot /
|
/ Cushan -rishathaim "King of Mesopotamia" /
/ Nehemiah "Tir shatha/Governor" /
/ Tirhakah "King of Cush" /
|
/ Cush / Ethiopian / -Egyptian / -Great Statute - / Gian t- / Philistines / Sabeans /
|
/ Cushite/Ethiopian- / -Ethiopian-Cushite / Cushi / Ethan/Ethni / Kushiah / C-us-h /
|
/ Abianus / King Chittim / Ly-san-ias- Tetr-arch of Abilene, / of / Kikianus King of Cush /
|
/ Carites are the Kartan of C-arch-emish of Kernania of Thebes / at Carmel /
____________________________________________________________________________
| | |

/ Mandrake / of / Mamre /

Dorah_Pass

/ Mandrake of Reuben /

Afghanistan

/ Casiphia / Mountain Men /

Soviet–Afghan War

_________|__________________________|___________________________|_________

/ Elijah -Confronts Ahab /
|
/ Who is ? of  Paul -/ That is /- Genealogy of Saul /
|
/ Gen-eal-ogy of David / of / Jether and Jonathan / of / G-ene-al-og-y of Saul /
|
/ House of Obed-Edom / of / Syria is in League with Ephraim / of / House of Eli-Melech /
|
/ Phinehas of Vengeance on Midian of / Eliezer / of / House of Eli / of / Eleazar / of / Put-iel /
|
/ Balaam of Adinah and Zipporah / of / Hobab / Moses father-in-Law / Balak son of Zippor /
|
/ Avith / Pau / Pai / of / Kings of Edom /
|
/ Jehoshaphat / Made A Marriage Alliance with / Ahab /
|
/ Ban / Ib-ben / Ben / Bin / Bon / Jew-ish-Bund-les /
|
/ Bee - Koz / The Men of Iconium / of / Jonah the son of Amitta /
|
/ Avvim / of / Adam / of / City of Adam / and Eve / of / Ninevah /
|
/ Nic-olia-tan-s / of / Hoopoe, and the Bat / of / Hathath / Hathach / Hatched /
|
/ Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Knessets / of / The Eagle of Saladin /
|
/ Axe-Men / of Acts of Luke / of / Lukud of Likhi / Hatched / Under A Kamon /
|
/ Beth -/ Twin-Gazelles that Grazes among the Lilies /- Baal /
|
/ So you shall purge the evil from your midst /
|
/ Hasham / Hushim / Hushah - Copy 5  /
|
/ Hebrew's / who / Intermarried / Hor-ites  at / Seir /
|
/ Break The Covenant / of those who / Made Peace and A Covenant /
|
/ Hebrew's / who / Intermarried / Amorite / Sons and Daughters of Shechem /
|
/ Bethlehem-ite / of / Hebron / of / The House of Shiloh / of / Ephrath-ite (that is Bethlehem)
|
/ Ron / of / Sharon / of / Aaron / of / Shimron / of / Ekron / of / Beth-Horon / of / Choran /
|
/ Gera Brother of Bela / Brother of Chorash / son of Laban King of Beth-Horon /
|
/ Micah and The Levite / A Levite and His Concubine / Micah and the Carved Image /
|
/ Hebrew's / of / Micah Had a Shrine / of / Hebron /
|
/ Hebrew's / of / Jerusalem / who / Intermarried / of / Hebron-nites / of / Concubines /
|
/ Samaritans / of / Oholah / of / Lead-ers / of / Oholibah / of / Jerusalem /
|
/ Sons and Daughters of Shechem / of / Mizpah of Gi-lead / of / The House of Shiloh /
|
/ Elect-or-ates / of / Tabor / of / A Rose / of / Sharon / of / A Stench / Carmel /
__________________________________________________________________________
| | |

Surname

Karakoram

/ Mountains /

Sur_Empire

/ Elpaal /

Surinamese_people

_________|__________________________|___________________________|_________

/ Sir / -are- / Lords / Rulers / Daites / and / Knights /
|
/ Lyre / Y Eye I / L-ir-e / 's ? /
|
/ Avvim / of / Adam / of / City of Adam / and Eve / of / Ninevah /
|
/ Nic-olia-tan-s / of / Hoopoe, and the Bat / of / Hathath / Hathach / Hatched /
|
/ Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Knessets / of / The Eagle of Saladin /
|
/ Axe-Men / of Acts of Luke / of / Lukud of Likhi / Hatched / Under A Kamon /
|
/ Great Ones / of / Assyria / Y-Eye-I / Assir / of / Pas-dammim /
____________________________________________________________
| |

Parthian_Empire

/ Ptolema-ic of Tur-Kish / Kurd-ish / Susa /

/ Achaemenid_Empire /

/ Parthian / Persian / of / Seleu-cia /

________|________________________________________|______

/ CIA / Pantheon / Unics / of / Jetur / of / EU / of / UK / of / P-ic-ts /
|
/ Ach-bor of Accad-Acco-Ak- / Ec- Ech- Ek- / Ic- Ich- Ik- / Oc- Och- Ok- / Uc- Uch- UK- /
|
/ Ban / Ib-ben / Ben / Bin / Bon / Jew-ish-Bund-les /
|
/ Parthian / Persian /
|
/ Ptolema-ic / of / Publius / of / Syracuse,/ Sicily / of / Silesia / of / Cilicia / of / Seleu-cia /
|
/ Medes / Achaemenid Empire / of Midian /
The Greek version (Septuagint) of the Book of Esther refers to him as Artaxerxes, and the historian Josephus relates
that this was the name by which he was known to the Greeks.
Xerxes the Great (519–465 BC), was the fourth of the kings of Achaemenid Empire.
Xerxes I is more than likely the Persian king identified as Ahasuerus in the biblical book of Esther.
By the 600s BC, the Persians (Parsa)[12] had settled in the southwest Iranian plateau, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by thePersian Gulf; this region came to be their heartland.[13] It was from this region that Cyrus the Great would advance to defeat the Kingdom of Media, theKingdom of Lydia, and the Babylonian Empire, to form the Achaemenid Empire.
Alexander, an avid admirer of Cyrus the Great,[16] would eventually cause the collapse of the empire and its disintegration around 330 BC into what later became the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Seleucid Empire, in addition to other minor territories which gained independence at that time. The Persian culture of the central plateau, however, continued to thrive and eventually reclaimed power by the 2nd century BC.[13]

Byzantine_Empire

____________________|____________________

/ Caleb /
___________________________________________________________________
| | |

/ Umayyad_Caliphate /

/ Fatimid_Caliphate /

/ Abbasid_Caliphate /

________|___________________________|____________________________|_______

/ Egyptian / Ethiopians /
|
/ Syrians / Tyrians / Arameans / Arabians /
|
/ Bani / Abd-on / Shams /
According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish). However Muslim Shia historians point out that Umayya was an adopted son of Abd Shams so he was not a blood relative of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai.
Umayya was later discarded from the noble family.[12]
_______________

/ Ribai /
|
/ Hashem / Libya / Tahpanhes / Turnis / Cyrene /
|
/ Maacah /
While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee.[13] This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat.[14] Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca [15] and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).
________________

/ Cyrene /
The Fatimid Caliphate grew to include Sicily and to stretch across North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to Libya.[10] Abdullāh al-Mahdi's control soon extended over all of central Maghreb, an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, which he ruled from Mahdia, his newly built capital in Tunisia. Al-Mansuriya,[a] or Mansuriyya (Arabic: المنصوريه ‎), near Kairouan, Tunisia, was the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate during the rules of the Imams Al-Mansur Billah (r. 946–953) and Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (r. 953–975).
_______________

/ Korah / Chorazin / Islam /
Sakhr ibn Harb (Arabic: صخر بن حرب‎), more commonly known as Abu Sufyan (1 September 560 - 1 August 652), was the leader of the Quraish tribe of Mecca. He was a staunch opponent of the Islamic prophet Muhammad before accepting Islam and becoming a Muslim warrior later in his life. His mother, Safia, is the paternal aunt of Maymuna bint al-Harith.
__________________

/ Hushim / and / Baara / Beera / Bera /
Maymunah bint al-Harith al-Hilaliyah (Arabic: ميمونة بنت الحارث الهلالية‎, Maymūnah bint al-Ḥārith al-Hilālīyah) was a wife of Muhammad.
Her original name was Barrah, but Muhammad changed it to Maymuna.
Opposition to Islam
______________

/ Sham /
Abu Sufyan was the chieftain of the Banu Abd-Shams clan of the Quraish tribe, which made him one of the most powerful in Mecca. At first Abu Sufyan opposed Islam and the Prophet Muhammad's message, however he later accepted Islam and became a warrior and soldier in the Muslim army.
Abu Sufyan's brother Musab was among several Muslims who migrated to Abyssinia to escape persecution in Mecca.
_______________

/ Chor / Merchants / Ur / Ish / esh / Maacah /
The Quraysh (Arabic: قريش‎, Qurayš; other transliterations include Qureish, Quraish, Quresh, Qurish, Kuraish, and Coreish) were a powerful merchant tribe that controlled Mecca and its Ka'aba and that according to tradition descended from Ishmael.
_______________

/ Hashem /
The Islamic prophet, Muhammad was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe.[1]
____________________

/ Bani / Anuki / Hilel / Bahrain /
Banu Hilal
The Hilalians or Bani Hilal (Arabic: بنو هلال) were a confederation of Arab tribes of the Hejaz and Najd who emigrated to North Africa in the eleventh century. Masters of the vast plateaus of Najd, the Bani Hilal had a very bad reputation. Recent converts to Islam, they were known for their depredations on the borders of Iraq and Syria. With the revolutionary movement of the Ismaili Qarmatians in Bahrain and Oman, the Bani Hilal participated in 930 pillage of Mecca in their fight against the Fatimids. Thus the latter soon becoming masters of Egypt and founders of Cairo in 969, hastened to confine the unruly Bedouin in the south before sending them to the Maghreb.
____________________________________
|

/ Semitic_people /

___________________

/ Aramean / Nabatean / and / Sabeans /
The Suteans were a Semitic people who lived throughout the Levant and Canaan circa 1350 BC, and were later to be found in Babylonia also. They are mentioned in eight of the 382 Amarna letters. Like the Habiru, they traditionally worked as mercenaries. They are listed in documents from the Middle Assyrian Empire (1395-1075 BC) as being extant in the Assyrian colony city of Emar, in what is now north east Syria. Together with other Semitic peoples; the Chaldeans and Arameans, they overran swathes of Babylonia circa 1100 BC. They were eventually conquered by Assyria, along with the rest of Babylonia.[1][page needed]
_____________________________________________________

/ Jamin / Adin /
|
/ Kartah / Qatar- / Arabah / Atar / and Bahurim / of Joktan /
|
/ Jarha /
___________________________
|
/ Carites /

/ Neo-Babylonian_Empire#Neo-Babylonian_dynasty /

______________________|______________________

/ Ptolemy and Seleucus the Fugitive - Satrap of Babylon / of Hasmonean Dynasty /
AND
/ Demetrius / and / Sopater /
In 312, Ptolemy and Seleucus, the fugitive satrap of Babylonia, both invaded Syria, and defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes ("besieger of cities"), the son of Antigonus, in the Battle of Gaza. Again he occupied Syria, and again—after only a few months, when Demetrius had won a battle over his general, and Antigonus entered Syria in force—he evacuated it. In 311, a peace was concluded between the combatants. Soon after this, the surviving 13-year-old king, Alexander IV, was murdered in Macedonia on the orders of Cassander, leaving the satrap of Egypt absolutely his own master.
Cyrus the Great founded the empire as a multi-state empire, governed by four capital states; Pasargadae, Babylon, Susa and Ekbatana. The Achaemenids allowed a certain amount of regional autonomy in the form of the satrapy system. A satrapy was an administrative unit, usually organized on a geographical basis. A 'satrap' (governor) was thevassal king, who administered the region, a 'general' supervised military recruitment and ensured order, and a 'state secretary' kept the official records. The general and the state secretary reported directly to the satrap as well as the central government. At differing times, there were between 20 and 30 satrapies.[65]
Cyrus the Great created an organized army including the Immortals unit, consisting of 10,000 highly trained soldiers[66] Cyrus also formed an innovative postal systemthroughout the empire, based on several relay stations called Chapar Khaneh.[67]
Darius the Great reinforced the empire and expanded Persepolis as a ceremonial capital;[68] he revolutionized the economy by placing it on a silver and gold coinage and introducing a regulated and sustainable tax system that was precisely tailored to each satrapy, based on their supposed productivity and their economic potential. For instance,Babylon was assessed for the highest amount and for a startling mixture of commodities – 1000 silver talents, four months supply of food for the army. India was clearly already fabled for its gold; the province consisting of the sindh and western Punjab regions of ancient northwestern India traded gold dust equal in value to the very large amount of 4680 silver talents for various commodities. Egypt was known for the wealth of its crops; it was to be the granary of the Persian Empire (as later of Rome's) and was required to provide 120,000 measures of grain in addition to 700 talents of silver. This was exclusively a tax levied on subject peoples.[69] Other accomplishments of Darius' reign included codification of the data, a universal legal system, and construction of a new capital at Persepolis.
Under the Achaemenids, the trade was extensive and there was an efficient infrastructure that facilitated the exchange of commodities in the far reaches of the empire. Tariffs on trade were one of the empire's main sources of revenue, along with agriculture and tribute.[69][70]
The satrapies were linked by a 2,500-kilometer highway, the most impressive stretch being the Royal Road from Susa to Sardis, built by command of Darius I. The relays of mounted couriers could reach the remotest of areas in fifteen days. Despite the relative local independence afforded by the satrapy system, royal inspectors, the "eyes and ears of the king", toured the empire and reported on local conditions. The king also maintained a personal bodyguard of the elite 10,000 Immortals when not at war.
The practice of slavery in Achaemenid Persia was generally banned, although there is evidence that conquered and/or rebellious armies were sold into captivity.[71]Zoroastrianism, the de facto religion of the empire, explicitly forbids slavery,[72] and the kings of Achaemenid Persia, especially the founder Cyrus the Great, followed this ban to varying degrees, as evidenced by the freeing of the Jews at Babylon, and the construction of Persepolis by paid workers.

The vexilloid of the Achaemenid Empire was a gold falcon on a field of crimson.[73][74]
___________________________________

/ Sennacherib king of Assyria /
_______________________________________________________________________
| | |

/ Sena_dynasty /

/ Political_history_of_medieval_Karnataka /

/ Bihar /

________|_________________________|____________________________|________

/ Double Minded /
|
/ Bilhah / Sons of Hinnom / Dan / Ships / and / England /
The Pali Text Society was founded in part to compensate for the very low level of funds allocated to Indology in late 19th-century England and the rest of the UK; incongruously, the citizens of the UK were not nearly so robust in Sanskrit and Prakrit language studies as Germany, Russia, and even Denmark. Even without the inspiration of colonial holdings such as the former British occupation of Sri Lanka and Burma, institutions such as the Danish Royal Library have built up major collections of Pāli manuscripts, and major traditions of Pāli studies.

Deva Dynasty (c.12th-13th century) was a Hindu dynasty of early medieval Bengal, ruled over eastern Bengal after the Sena dynasty. The capital of this dynasty wasBikrampur in present-day Munshiganj District of Bangladesh. The end of this dynasty is not yet known.

This Hindu Vaishnava dynasty is different from an earlier Buddhist Deva dynasty (c. 8th-9th century) of Samatata, whose capital was Devaparvata. Four rulers of this dynasty are known from the inscriptions: Shantideva, Viradeva, Anandadeva and Bhavadeva.[1]
___________________________________________________________________
| |

/ Oghuz_Turks /

/ Turkic_tribal_confederations /

__|_____________________________________________|_______

/ Buz / Jephunneh / Ongolis /
Origins
According to many historians, the usage of the word "Oghuz" is dated back to the advent of the Huns (220 BC). The title of "Oghuz" (Oguz Kaan) was given to Mau-Tun,[9][10] the founder of the Xiongnu Empire, which is often considered the first Turkic political entity in Central Asia.
______________

/ Casiphia /
This land became known as the "Oghuz steppe", which is an area between the Caspian and Aral Seas. Ibn al-Athir, an Arab historian, declared that the Oghuz Turks had come to Transoxiana in the period of the caliph Al-Mahdi in the years between 775 and 785. In the period of the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833), the name Oghuz starts to appear in the works of Islamic writers. By 780, the eastern parts of the Syr Darya were ruled by the Karluk Turks and the western region (Oghuz steppe) was ruled by the Oghuz Turks.
________________________

/ Meshech /
|
/ Carites / Their Elders / Ottoman /
|
/ Turkey / Og- / Hu- / Huz /
|
/ Balkan Region /
|
/ Double Minded /
|
/ Jetur /
The Ghuzz or Turkmen also known as Oguzes (a linguistic term designating the Western Turkic or Oghuz languages from the Oghur sub-division of Turkic language family) were a historical Turkic tribal confederation conventionally named the [Oghuz Yabgu State]] in Central Asia during the early medieval period. The name Oguz is a Common Turkic word for "tribe". The Oguz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after a conflict with the Karluk branch of Uigurs. The founders of the Ottoman Empire were descendants of the Oguz Yabgu State. Today the residents of Turkey, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Gagauzia are descendants of Oghuz Turks and their language belongs to the Oghuz (a.k.a southwestern Turkic) group of the Turkic languages family.
________________________

/ Remaliah /
|
/ Becher / Persia / India / Rushash / Rosh / Islam /
In the 800s, the Oguzes from the Aral steppes drove Bechens from the Emba and Ural River region toward the west. In the 900s, they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su, Turgai, and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash of modern-day Kazakhstan.[1] A clan of this nation, the Seljuks, embraced Islam and in the 1000s entered Persia, where they founded the Great Seljuk Empire. Similarly in the 1000s, a Tengriist Oghuz clan—referred to as Uzes or Torks in the Russian chronicles—overthrew Pecheneg supremacy in the Russian steppe. Harried by another Turkic horde, the Kipchaks, these Oghuz penetrated as far as the lower Danube, crossed it and invaded the Balkans, where they were either crushed[2] or struck down by an outbreak of plague, causing the survivors either to flee or to join the Byzantine imperial forces as mercenaries (1065).[3]
_____________________

/ Pak-is-tan /
|
/ Pa- /-Achi-/-Ram- /-Tan-/ Rhine /
The Danube (/ˈ d æ n juː b/ dan-ewb, also known by other names) is the European Union's longest river, located in Central and Eastern Europe.
Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen—which is in the Black Forest of Germany—at the confluence of the rivers Brigachand Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for 1,914 km (1,189 mi), passing through four capital cities before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.
_____________________

/ Magog / Togarmah / Scythia /
Once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of ten countries: Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%),Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Slovakia (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%).[1] Its drainage basin extends into nine more.

The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania and by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.

_____________________________|_____________________________

/ The Ancient Phoenicians / The Leviathan / The Bronze Sepent / The Achiram /
|
/ Phoenician / Ship / Merchant /
of
/ Balkans Region /
__________________________________
|
/ Rhodes / to / Rhine /
Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years. The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.

At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m3/s (540,000 cu ft/s).

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.

_______________________________
|
/ Balak /
|
/ Car-ites / ara / -och / achi- /
________________________________________________
| |

/ Karachi /

/ Baloch_people /

__|__________________________________________|___

/ Islam /-ama-/ Bad /
|
/ Medes / of / Midian / Medan /
|
/ Balak /-Bad-/ India /
|
/ Akeldama /
/ Beth- / West / Mede / Black Flags / Midian / East / -Baal /
/ Geneva /
|
/ Parthian / Persian /
|
/ Adar / India / Babylon /
According to Balochi myths, they are descendants of Hazrat Ameer Hamza, the uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who settled in Halab (present-day Aleppo).[14][1] In 680, Caliph Yazid I drove them out following the Battle of Karbala and they fled to the Sistan region.[14] They allegedly remained there for 500 years until they fled following a deception against the Sistan leader Badr-ud-Din to Khvosh Mardan.[14]
________________

/ Casiphia / Chorazin /
However, based on an analysis of the lingistic connections of the Balochi language, which is one of the Western Iranian languages, it seems likely that the original homeland of the Balochi tribes were to the east or southeast of the central Caspian region. It is believed that the Baloch began migrating towards the east in the late Sasanian period. The cause of the migration is unknown but may have been as a result of the generally unstable conditions in the Caspian area. The migrations occurred over several centuries.[15]

By the 9th century, Arab writers refer to the Baloch as living in the area between Kerman, Khorasan, Sistan, and Makran in what is now eastern Iran. Although they kept flocks of sheep, the Balochs also engaged in plundering travellers on the desert routes. This brought them into conflict with the Buyids, and later the Ghaznavids and the Seljuqs. Adud al-Dawla of the Buyid dynasty launched a punitive campaign against them and defeated them in 971-972. After this, the Baloch continued their eastward migration towards what is now Balochistan province of Pakistan, although some remained behind and there are still Baloch in eastern part of the Iranian Sistan-Baluchestan and Kerman provinces. By the 13/14th centuries waves of Baloch were moving into Sindh and by the 15th century into the Punjab.[16]
_________________________

/ Kartan / Persians / Britannia /
The area where the Baloch tribes settled was disputed between the Persian Safavids and the Mughal emperors. Although the Mughals managed to establish some control over the area, by the 17th century, a tribal leader named Mir Hasan established himself as the first "Khan of the Baloch". In 1666, he was succeeded by Mir Aḥmad Khan Qambarani who established the Balochi Khanate of Kalat under the Ahmadzai dynasty.[note 1] Originally in alliance with the Mughals, the Khanate lost its autonomy in 1839 with the signing of a treaty with the British colonial government and the region effectively became part of British Raj.[16]
______________________________
|
/ Balak /
________________________

/ Karnataka /

In the period that followed, parts of northern Karnataka were ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maratha Empire, the British, and other powers.[39] In the south, the Mysore Kingdom, a former vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire, was briefly independent.[40] With the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, Haidar Ali, the commander-in-chief of the Mysore army, gained control of the region. After his death, the kingdom was inherited by his son Tippu Sultan.[41] To contain European expansion in South India, Haidar Ali and later Tippu Sultan fought four significant Anglo-Mysore Wars, the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan's death and the incorporation of Mysore into the British Raj in 1799.[42] The Kingdom of Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars and Mysore remained a princely state under the British Raj.
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| | | |

/ Company_rule_in_India /

/ Battle_of_Plassey /

/ Bangladesh /

/ British_Raj /

Bangladesh's foreign policy is based on the principle of friendship towards all and malice towards none.[64] The country places a heavy reliance on multilateral diplomacy, especially in the United Nations. After liberation, it joined the Commonwealth, the Non-Aligned Movement and the OIC. It has been elected twice to serve on the UN Security Council- from 1978-1979 and 2000-2001. In the 1980s, Bangladesh pioneered the formation of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Since the founding of SAARC in 1985, a Bangladeshi has held the post of Secretary-General on two occasions. It co-founded the Developing 8 Countries and the Bay of Bengal Initiative. It is a member of the Asia-Europe Meeting, the ASEAN Regional Forum, the Asia Cooperation Dialogue, BCIM, the G-77, the Indian Ocean Rim Association and the World Trade Organization.
Bangladesh's foreign policy priorities include promoting multilateral engagement, regional security and cooperation, combating terrorism and the expansion of trade and investment.[65] Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors of UN peackeeping forces. As of 2014, it has taken part in over 54 UN peacekeeping missions in Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East and the Caribbean, with an estimated 113,000 military personnel.[66] Bangladesh participated in Operation Desert Storm during the Gulf War in 1991. In Afghanistan, the development agency BRAC serves 12 million people in areas of primary and secondary education, the empowerment of women and microfinance.[67]
Humayun Rashid Choudhury, President of the United Nations General Assembly (1986-1987)
Bangladesh enjoys excellent relations with the United States, Japan and the European Union. It is a key US strategic ally in South Asia.[68]According to a Pew research poll in 2014, 76% of Bangladeshis express a favorable view of the US.[69] American companies are among the largest foreign investors in the country. The US is the largest destination for Bangladeshi exports. The US Military enjoys long-standing relations with the Bangladesh Armed Forces, particularly in counterterrorism, maritime security and disaster management. Japan and Bangladesh have strong relations with common strategic and political goals.[64] The European Union is the most important trading partner of Bangladesh.
The most crucial and complex foreign relationship of the country is with neighboring India. The relationship is borne out of historic and cultural affinities; and reinforced by India's support and role during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Bangladesh is India's largest trading partner in South Asia.[70] It is also India's fifth-largest remittance source.[71] However, relations continue to be plagued by concerns over border security, ease of doing business, trade barriers and water sharing on 54 common rivers. In recent years, the two countries have forged greater engagement and have become strong allies in the fight against regional terrorism. The Himalayan countries of Nepal and Bhutan, along with India's landlockedNortheastern states, are keen to gain access to Bangladesh's seaports. Burma has a growing cordial relationship with Bangladesh, despite irritants over Rohingya refugees.
Bangladesh pursues a Look East policy which promotes relations in the Asia-Pacific. It enjoys warm relations with the People's Republic of China. Bangladesh is China's third largest trading partner in South Asia. China is a major defence supplier to the Bangladesh military; and supplies small arms, tanks, missile systems and naval frigates. Bangladesh also seeks to become a dialogue partner in ASEAN.[72] It has growing economic and political ties with Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Singapore. Laos and Cambodia are the first countries to support its bid for associate membership in ASEAN.
Bangladesh Army peackeepers inDarfur, Sudan. Bangladesh is a leading contributor of UN peackeeping forces
Bangladesh is the third most populous Muslim majority country in the world; and has often been praised as a voice of moderation.[73] It mediated a ceasefire during the Iran-Iraq War and has been a long-standing supporter of the Palestinian struggle. Bangladesh is a strong ally of Turkey and the two have extensive diplomatic, economic and defence relations; Turkey is one of Bangladesh's major trading partners. Russia and Bangladesh have historic relations dating back to the role of the Soviet Union during the Liberation War. 20% of Bangladesh's existing electricity infrastructure was built with Soviet and Russian assistance.[74] In 2013, Russia and Bangladesh began constructing the Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant.[75] Bangladesh enjoys growing relations with Brazil. Trade with Brazil crossed $700 million in 2013.[76]
In 2012, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea announced the delimitation of the maritime border between Bangladesh and Burma in the Bay of Bengal.[77] The two countries had a brief naval standoff in November 2008 over Burmese attempts at oil and gas exploration in disputed territory. The standoff was resolved through considerable back-channel diplomacy. In 2014, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague announced the demarcation of maritime boundary between India and Bangladesh. The court awarded 19,467 km2 out of the total 25,602 km2 of disputed territory to Bangladesh.[78]

As of 2012, the current strength of the army is around 300,000 including reservists,[79] the air force 22,000,[80] and navy 24,000.[81] In addition to traditional defence roles, the military has been called on to provide support to civil authorities for disaster relief and internal security during periods of political unrest. Bangladesh has consistently been the world's largest contributor (10,736) to UN peacekeeping forces for many years. In May 2007, Bangladesh had major deployments in Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia,Sudan, Timor-Leste and Côte d'Ivoire.[82][83]

Bangladesh is a founding member of SAARC, the Developing 8 Countries and BIMSTEC. It contributes one of the largest peacekeeping forces to the United Nations. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Non-Aligned Movement.
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| | |

/ Deccan_Plateau /

/ Elpaal /

/ Kerala /

________________

/ Kernania /

/ Hyderabad_State /

/ Kashmir /

/ Râsû’ĕjâ of Rajasthan /

_____|___________________________|____________________________|_____

/ Had- / era- / -bad /
/ Cherethites /
/ Babylon / Assyrian / Egyptian / Arabs / Phoenicia / Ptolemaic / Hellenist /
Ancient period[edit]
Silk Road map. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
Kerala was a major spice exporter from as early as 3000 BCE, according to Sumerian records.[29] Its fame as the land of spices attracted ancient Babylonians, Assyrians andEgyptians to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. Arabs and Phoenicians were also successful in establishing their prominence in the Kerala trade during this early period.[30] The word Kerala is first recorded (as Keralaputra) in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka (274–237 BCE).[31]The Land of Keralaputra was one of the four independent kingdoms in southern India during Ashoka's time, the others being Chola, Pandya, and Satiyaputra.[32] Scholars hold that Keralaputra is an alternate name of the Cheras, the first powerful dynasty based on Kerala.[33][34] These territories once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamiḻakam.[35] While the Cheras ruled the major part of modern Kerala, its southern tip was in the kingdom of Pandyas,[36] which had a trading port sometimes identified in ancient Western sources as Nelcynda (or Neacyndi).[37] At later times the region fell under the control of the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. Ays and Mushikaswere two other remarkable dynasties of ancient Kerala, whose kingdoms lay to the south and north of Cheras respectively.[38][39]

In the last centuries BCE the coast became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially black pepper. The Cheras had trading links with China, West Asia, Egypt, Greece, and the Roman Empire. In the foreign-trade circles the region was identified by the name Male or Malabar.[40] Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that time.[41] The value of Rome's annual trade with India as a whole was estimated at no less than 50,000,000 sesterces;[42] contemporary Sangam literaturedescribes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper. One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala may have been Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, a king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Various Roman establishments in the port cities of the region, such as a temple of Augustus and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana: the only surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.[43][44]
___________________________

/ Merchants / Persian / Syrian / Thomas / Jews / Eden /
Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.[45] Jewish connection with Kerala started as early as 573 BCE.[46][47][48] Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, possibly started before the 4th century BCE, as Herodotus (484–413 BCE) noted that goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Jews at Eden.[41] They intermarried with local people, and from this mixture the large Muslim Mappila community of Kerala are descended.[49] In the 4th century, some Christians also immigrated from Persia and joined the early Syrian Christian community who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.[50][51] Mappila was an honorific title that had been assigned to respected visitors from abroad; and Jewish, Syrian Christian, and Muslim immigration might account for later names of the respective communities: Juda Mappilas, Nasrani Mappilas, and Muslim Mappilas.[52][53] According to the legends of these communities, the earliest Christian churches,[54] mosque,[55] andsynagogue (1568 CE)[56] in India were built in Kerala. The combined number of Jews, Christians, and Muslims was relatively small at this early stage. They co-existed harmoniously with each other and with local Hindu society, aided by the commercial benefit from such association.[49]
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/ Chola_dynasty /

_______________|_______________

Foreign trade
See also: Chola Navy and Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese

This is the Anchor of an Unknown LOLA class Chola ship, excavated by the Indian Navy divers off the coast of Poombuhar.
The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia.[183] Towards the end of the 9th century, southern India had developed extensive maritime and commercial activity.[184][185] The south Indian guilds played a major role in interregional and overseas trade.[186] The best known of these were the Manigramam and Ayyavole guilds who followed the conquering Chola armies.[187] The encouragement by the Chola court furthered the expansion of Tamil merchant associations such as the Ayyavole and Manigramam guilds into Southeast Asia and China.[188] The Cholas, being in possession of parts of both the west and the east coasts of peninsular India, were at the forefront of these ventures.[189][190][191] The Tang dynasty of China, the Srivijaya empire under the Sailendras, and the Abbasid Kalifat at Baghdad were the main trading partners.[192] Some credit for the emergence of a world market must also go to the Chola Dynasty.[193] The Chola Dynasty played a significant role in linking the markets of China to the rest of the world. In fact, the market structure and economic policies of the Chola Dynasty were more conducive to a large-scale, cross-regional market trade than those enacted by the Song court.[193] The following passage from the southern Indian kingdom, gives their rationale for engagement in foreign trade: "Make the merchants of distant foreign countries who import elephants and good horses attach to yourself by providing them with villages and decent dwellings in the city, by affording them daily audience, presents and allowing them profits. Then those articles will never go to your enemies."[193]

Chinese Song Dynasty reports record that an embassy from Chulian (Chola) reached the Chinese court in the year 1077,[194][195] and that the king of the Chulien at the time, Kulothunga I, was called Ti-hua-kia-lo.[196] This embassy was a trading venture and was highly profitable to the visitors, who returned with copper coins in exchange for articles of tributes, including glass articles, and spices.[196] Chinese records rarely described Tamil merchants. On the other hand, a fragmentary Tamil inscription found in Sumatra cites the name of a merchant guild Nanadesa Tisaiyayirattu Ainnutruvar(literally, "the five hundred from the four countries and the thousand directions"), a famous merchant guild in the Chola country.[185] The inscription is dated 1088, indicating that there was an active overseas trade during the Chola period.[194] Six other inscriptions have been found across South-East Asia and bear testimony to merchant activities as well as to the naming of trade-related places and public work in that region after members of the Tamil royal family.[197] Probably, the motive behind Rajendra's expedition to Srivijaya was the protection of the merchants' interests.[198]
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French_India

/ Madai of Kemuel of Kêsêd /
|
/ Greek / Amorica / Golgoth-ic / Sabeans / Persians /
|
/ 2) Germain-Olive-Oil of Towns of Gerar /

/ Carnatic_Wars /

____________________

/ Carites / of / Carchemish /
The Carnatic Wars (also spelled Karnatic Wars) were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century on the Indian subcontinent. The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals, struggles for succession and territory, and included a diplomatic and military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. They were mainly fought on the territories in India which were dominated by the Nizam of Hyderabad up to the Godavari delta. As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India. The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to Pondichéry. The East India company's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the British Raj.

In the 18th century the coastal Carnatic region was a dependency of Hyderabad. Three Carnatic Wars were fought between 1746 and 1763.
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/ Ruthenian_nobility /

/ Maratha_Empire /

/ Martha and Mary /

/ Bourgeoisie /

_____|_________________________|______________________________|____

/ Ruth / Hen / Enaim / Golgotha / of / 2) Germain-Olive-Oil of Towns of Gerar /

In political economy, political philosophy, sociology, social sciences, and history, the bourgeoisie (Eng.: /bʊərʒwɑːˈziː/; French pronunciation: [buʁʒwazi]) is the wealthy stratum of themiddle class that originated during the latter part of the Middle Ages (AD 476–1453).[1][2]

The bourgeoisie includes a historical range of socio-economic classes. As such, in the Western world, since the late 18th century, "the bourgeoisie" is a social class "characterized by their ownership of capital, and their related culture"; hence, the personal terms "bourgeois" (masculine) and "bourgeoise" (feminine) culturally identify the man or woman who is a member of the wealthiest social class of a given society, and their materialistic worldview (Weltanschauung).

In Marxist philosophy the bourgeoisie is the social class who owns the means of production and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital, in order to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society.[3] Joseph Schumpeter instead saw the creation of new bourgeoisie as the driving force behind the capitalist engine, particularly entrepreneurs who took risks in order to bring innovation to industries and the economy through the process of creative destruction.[4]

Etymology[edit]The Modern French word bourgeois derived from the Old French burgeis (walled city), which derived from bourg (market town), from the Old Frankish burg (town); in other European languages, the etymologic derivations are the Middle English burgeis, the Middle Dutch burgher, the German Bürger, the Modern English burgess, and the Polish burżuazja, which occasionally is synonymous with the intelligentsia.[5] In English, “bourgeoisie” (a French citizen-class) identified a social class oriented to economic materialism and hedonism, and to upholding the extreme political and economic interests of the capitalist ruling class.[6] In the 18th century, before the French Revolution (1789–99), in the French feudal order, the masculine and feminine terms bourgeois and bourgeoise identified the rich men and women who were members of the urban and ruralThird Estate — the common people of the French realm, who violently deposed the absolute monarchy of the Bourbon King Louis XVI (r. 1774–91), his clergy, and his aristocrats. Hence, since the 19th century, the term "bourgeoisie" usually is politically and sociologically synonymous with the ruling upper class of a capitalist society.[7]
____________________

/ Craftsman / Artisans /
Historically, the medieval French word bourgeois denoted the inhabitants of the bourgs (walled market-towns), the craftsmen, artisans, merchants, and others, who constituted "the bourgeoisie", they were the socio-economic class between the peasants and the landlords, between the workers and the owners of the means of production. As the economic managers of the (raw) materials, the goods, and the services, and thus thecapital (money) produced by the feudal economy, the term "bourgeoisie" evolved to also denote the middle class — the businessmen and businesswomen who accumulated, administered, and controlled the capital that made possible the development of the bourgs into cities.[8]

Contemporarily, the terms "bourgeoisie" and "bourgeois" identify the ruling class in capitalist societies, as a social stratum; while "bourgeois" describes the Weltanschauung (worldview) of men and women whose way of thinking is socially and culturally determined by their economic materialism and philistinism, a social identity catalogued and described in drame bourgeois (bourgeois drama), which satirizes buying the trappings of a noble-birth identity as the means climbing the social ladder.[9][10] (See: Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, 1670.)

Further information: History of capitalism § Origins of capitalism and Trade § History
In the 11th century, the bourgeoisie emerged as a historical and political phenomenon when the bourgs of Central and Western Europe developed into cities dedicated to commerce. The organised economic concentration that made possible such urban expansion derived from the protective self-organisation into guilds, which became necessary when individual businessmen (craftsmen, artisans, merchants, et alii) conflicted with their rent-seeking feudal landlords who demanded greater-than-agreed rents. In the event, by the end of the Middle Ages (ca. AD 1500), under régimes of the early national monarchies of Western Europe, the bourgeoisie acted in self-interest, and politically supported the king or the queen against the legal and financial disorder caused by the greed of the feudal lords.[citation needed] In the late-16th and early 17th centuries, the bourgeoisies of England and the Netherlands had become the financial — thus political — forces that deposed the feudal order; economic power had vanquished military power in the realm of politics.[8]
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/ Dutch_East_India_Company /

/ Port_of_Chittagong /

/ East_India_Company /

___|____________________________|____________________________|__

/ Britannia /
|
/ Chittim / EU / Turkey /
The Port of Chittagong is one of the region's busiest gateways, handling $60 billion in trade each year
Early history[edit]
Elephant loading in Chittagong port (1960)
The history of Chittagong port dates back to the fourth century B.C. Malayan history chronicles the journey of the sailor Buddha Gupta from Chittagong to Malaya in the 4th century B.C.[3] The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea documents the existence of Chittagong port in the ancient times. The Arab traders considered Chittagong to be the delta of the Ganges.
Chittagong port has been mentioned in the works of Ptolemy, Fa-hien, Hieu-en tsng, and Ibn Battuta. This was an important port used by the traders from the Middle East,China, Turkey, Europe to trade with this part of the world.
During the 9th century the activities of the port increased tremendously as the Arab traders started using the port as their base port. They used to call the port "Samunda". The port was under their control at the time.
The 16th century saw the arrival of the Portuguese. João da Silveira was the first Portuguese Captain to reach the port. He arrived with his ship “LOPO SOANA” in 1517. The Portuguese named the port "PORTO GRANDE" (a great Port ). The records show that the Porto Grande offered easy access and safe anchorage to ships of 20 feet draught.
It remained a port during Moghul time. Later in early 19th century the British took control of the Chittagong port.The port of Chittagong became a natural outlet for the Northeastern regions of the then British-India that led to the enactment of Port Commissioner’s Act of 1887. At that time the facilities of the port consisted of five wooden and one pontoon jetties. In the year 1889-90 the port handled exports totalling 1.25 lac tons.[4]
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/ Non-Aligned_Movement /

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members and 17 observer countries.[1]

The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru; Burma's first Prime Minister U Nu; Indonesia's first president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah; and Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito. All six leaders were prominent advocates of a middle course for states in the Developing World between the Western and Eastern blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[3]

In a speech given during the Havana Declaration of 1979, Fidel Castro said the purpose of the organization is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression,occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics".[4] The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World.[5]
_____________________

/ Malta / Muslim / Cyprus /
Members have at times included the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Argentina, Namibia, Cyprus, and Malta. While many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the super powers, the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g., India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[6] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended [7] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[8][9] The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus remains the sole member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[9]

The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to MehrNews agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[10] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[11] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[12] The 17th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement is to be held in Caracas, Venezuela, in 2015.
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/ Belarus /

_________________

/ Bela / Sons of Hinnom / Achi-ram /
As of 2007, 98 of the 110 members of the House of Representatives are not affiliated with any political party, and of the remaining 12 members, 8 belong to the Communist Party of Belarus, 3 to the Agrarian Party of Belarus, and 1 to the Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus. Most non-partisans represent a wide scope of social organizations such as workers' collectives, public associations, and civil society organizations, similar to the composition of the Soviet legislature.
[85]
Bilateral relations with the United States are strained because the U.S. Department of State supports various anti-Lukashenko non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and also because the Belarusian government has made it increasingly difficult for U.S.-based organizations to operate within the country.[114] Diplomatic relations remained tense, and in 2004, the United States passed theBelarus Democracy Act, which authorized funding for anti-government Belarusian NGOs, and proscribed loans to the Belarusian government, except for humanitarian purposes.[115] Despite this political friction, the two countries do cooperate on intellectual property protection, prevention of human trafficking, technology crime, and disaster relief.[116]
Sino-Belarusian relations have improved,[117] strengthened by the visit of President Lukashenko to China in October 2005.[118] Belarus also has strong ties with Syria,[119] considered a key partner in the Middle East.[120] In addition to the CIS, Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Economic Community, the Collective Security Treaty Organisation,[112] the international Non-Aligned Movement since 1998,[121] the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the UN since its founding in 1945. As an OSCE member state, Belarus's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.[122]
Belarus is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.

According to the government sources, as of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhere to some kind of religion; out of those,Eastern Orthodoxy makes up about 82%.[168] Roman Catholicism is practiced mostly in the western regions, and there are also different denominations of Protestantism (which date from the time of union with Protestant Sweden).[169] Other minorities practice Judaism, Islam and Neopaganism. Many Belarusians converted to the Russian Orthodox Church after Belarus was annexed by Russia following the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a consequence, the Orthodox church now has more members than other denominations.

Belarus's Roman Catholic minority, which constitute about 9% of the country's population[113] and is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around Hrodna, is made up of a mixture of Belarusians and the country's Polish and Lithuanian minorities.[170] In a statement to the media regarding Belarusian-Vatican ties, President Lukashenko stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the "two main confessors in our country".[171] The total Roman Catholic population has dropped to 12% of religious believers, according to a 2011 report by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[168]

Belarus was once a major center of European Jewry, with 10% of the population being Jewish. But since the mid-20th century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the Holocaust, deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one percent.[172] The Lipka Tatars, numbering over 15,000, are predominantly Muslims. According to Article 16 of the Constitution, Belarus has no official religion. While the freedom of worship is granted in the same article, religious organizations deemed harmful to the government or social order can be prohibited.[173]
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/ Burma /

/ Bangladesh /

/ Burma/

/ Burma_Socialist_Programme_Party /

/ Red_Guards_(China) /

_____|__________________________|____________________________|____

/ Bar / Ber / De-Bir / Bor / Bur /
The BSPP advocated a programme of the "Burmese Way to Socialism" which embodied both Communist and Buddhist influences. A booklet was published in January 1963 in both Burmese and English languages entitled 'Special Characteristics of the Burma Socialist Programme Party'. The booklet distinguished the BSPP’s ideology from those of both 'bourgeois' social democratic parties and Communist parties. The BSPP, the booklet stated, rejected the 'bourgeois' belief and practices of 'social democrat parties' that 'socialism' could be reached through 'Parliamentary methods'. (Even before the announcement of the BWS, the RC had already abolished, by decree, the Parliament that was established under the 1947 Burmese Constitution stating in effect that 'Parliamentary democracy was not suitable for Burma'.) The booklet further stated that though there was much to be learnt from the doctrines of Marx, Engels and Lenin it did not regard them as 'gospel' unlike Communists, 'especially Burmese Communists', who are 'vulgar materialists'.

Early civilisations in Burma included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu in Upper Burma and the Mon in Lower Burma.[11] In the 9th century, the Burmans of theKingdom of Nanzhao entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture andTheravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia.[12] The early 19th centuryKonbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Burma after threeAnglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Burma became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nationand then, following a coup in 1962, a military dictatorship which formally ended in 2011.
_______________

/ Cha-m / Sham / Islam /
Cham and Mon inscriptions first mentioned Pagan in 1050 and 1093, respectively.[29]

By 1280, between one and two-thirds of Upper Burma's cultivatable land had been donated to religion. Thus the throne lost resources needed to retain the loyalty of courtiers and military servicemen, inviting a vicious circle of internal disorders and external challenges by Mons, Mongols and Shans.[6]

Islam
Islam started making headway among the Cham after the 10th century. By the 17th century, the Royal families of Cham Lords also began to turn to Islam and this eventually triggered the major shift in religious orientation of the Cham so that by the time of their final annexation by the Vietnamese, the majority of the Cham people had converted to Islam. Most Cham are now evenly split between being followers of Islam and Hinduism, with the majority of Vietnamese Cham being Hindu while the majority of Cambodian Cham are Muslim, though significant minorities of Mahayana Buddhists exist.
________________

/ Cham / Indonesian / Java-n /
Indonesian 15th century records indicate the influence of Princess Darawati, a Cham, in influencing her husband, Kertawijaya, Majapahit's seventh ruler to convert theMajapahit royal family to Islam. The Islamic tomb of Putri Champa (Princess of Champa) can be found in Trowulan, East Java, the site of Majapahit imperial capital.[13] In 15th to 17th century, Muslim Cham maintain a cordial relationship with Aceh Sultanate through dynastic marriage. This sultanate was located on the northern tip of Sumatra and was an active promotor of Islamic faith in Indonesian archipelago. According to linguistic studies Acehnese people and the Cham are related as both of their languages belongs to the same Aceh–Chamic language family.

British rule
As of 1921, the population of Muslims in Burma was around 500,000.[19] During British rule, Burmese Muslims were seen as "Indian", as the majority of Indians living in Burma were Muslims, even though the Burmese Muslims were different from Indian Muslims. Thus, Burmese Muslims, Indian Muslims and Indian Hindus were collectively known as "kala".[20]

After World War I, there was an upsurge in anti-Indian sentiments.[21] There were several causes of anti-Indian and anti-Muslim sentiments in Burma. In India, many Buddhists had been persecuted by the Mughal empire. There was significant job competition between Indian migrants, who were willing to do unpleasant jobs for low income, and the native Burmese. The Great Depression intensified this competition, aggravating anti-Indian sentiment.[20][22]
____________________________________

/ Persecution of Muslims in Burma /
Muslims under General Ne Win[edit]
When General Ne Win came to power in 1962, the status of Muslims changed. For example, Muslims were expelled from the army.[37] Burma has a Buddhist majority. The more pious Muslim communities who segregate themselves from the Buddhist majority face greater difficulties than those who integrate more at the cost of observance to Islamic personal laws.[37]

Muslims in Burma are affected by the actions of Islamic extremism in other countries.[citation needed] Violence in Indonesia perpetrated by Islamists is used as a pretext to commit violence against Muslim minorities in Burma.[citation needed]
____________________

/ Taliban /
The anti-Buddhist actions of the Taliban in Afghanistan (the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan) was also used as a pretext to commit violence against Muslims in Burma by Buddhist mobs.Human Rights Watch reports that there was mounting tension between the Buddhist and Muslim communities in Taungoo for weeks before it erupted into violence in the middle of May 2001. Buddhist monks demanded that the Hantha Mosque in Taungoo be destroyed in "retaliation" for the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan.[38] Mobs of Buddhists, led by monks, vandalized Muslim-owned businesses and property and attacked and killed Muslims in Muslim communities. This was followed by retaliation by Muslims against Buddhists.
Religious freedom for Muslims is reduced. Monitoring and control of Islam undermines the free exchange of thoughts and ideas associated with religious activities.[39] Accusations of "terrorism" are made against Muslim organizations such as the All Burma Muslim Union.[40]
It is widely feared that persecution of Muslims in Burma could foment Islamic extremism in the country.[37] Many Muslims have joined armed resistance groups who are fighting for greater freedoms in Burma.[41]

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| | |

/ Pagan_Kingdom /

/ British_rule_in_Burma /

Colonial India
Imperial entities of India
Dutch India1605–1825Danish India1620–1869
French India1769–1954Portuguese India
(1505–1961)Casa da Índia
1434–1833Portuguese East India Company
1628–1633British India
(1612–1947)East India Company1612–1757Company rule in India
1757–1858British Raj1858–1947British rule in Burma
1824–1948Princely states1721–1949Partition of India1947

/ Shan_State /

/ British_Raj / Burma / and Bengal /

_______|___________________________|_____________________________|_____

/ Sha / Shan / Han /
Shan State (Burmese: ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [ʃáɴ pjìnɛ̀]; Shan: မိူင်းတႆး [mə́ŋ.táj]; Thai: รัฐฉาน) is a state of Burma (Myanmar). Shan State borders China to the north, Laos to the east, and Thailand to the south, and five administrative divisions of Burma in the west. Largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km², almost a quarter of the total area of Burma. The state gets its name from the Shan people, one of several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shan State is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio, Kengtung, and the capital, Taunggyi.[3] Taungyyi is 150.7 km north east of the nation's capital Naypyitaw.

Shan State, with many ethnic groups, is home to several armed ethnic armies. While the military government has signed ceasefire agreements with most groups, vast areas of the state, especially those east of the Thanlwin river, remain outside the central government's control, and in recent years have come under heavy ethnic-Chinese economic and political influence. Other areas are under the control of military groups such as the Shan State Army.

__________________________________________________________________

/ Whitewash / Barak /
In 2008, India suspended military aid to Burma over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta, although it has preserved extensive commercial ties, which provide the regime with much-needed revenue.[138]The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011, when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital, Naypyidaw, the same day as the country received a visit by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.[139] International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited to the US[140] followed by Burma's reformist president visit to the United Nations.[141]

In May 2013, Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House
was Ne Win in September 1966. President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms, and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S. support. The two leaders discussed to release more political prisoners, the institutionalisation of political reform and rule of law, and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar—the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013.[142]

In June 2013, Myanmar held its first ever summit, the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2013. A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants, including 10 heads of state, 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world.[143]
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|

/ Helvetic_Republic /

_______________________

/ Geneva /
In Swiss history, the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) represented an early attempt to impose a central authority over Switzerland, which until then had consisted ofself-governing cantons united by a loose military alliance (and ruling over subject territories such as Vaud).

The French invaded Switzerland and turned it into an ally known as the "Helvetic Republic." The interference with localism and traditional liberties was deeply resented, although some modernizing reforms took place.[1][2] Resistance was strongest in the more traditional Catholic bastions, with armed uprisings breaking out in spring 1798 in the central part of Switzerland. The French Army suppressed the uprisings but support for revolutionary ideals steadily declined, as the Swiss resented their loss of local democracy, the new taxes, the centralization, and the hostility to religion. Nonetheless there were long-term impacts.[3]

The Republic being named Helvetic after the Helvetii, the Gaulish inhabitants of the Swiss Plateau in antiquity, was not an innovation; rather, the Swiss Confederacy had occasionally been dubbed Republica Helvetiorum in humanist Latin since the 17th century, and Helvetia, the Swiss national allegory, made her first appearance in 1672.
In 1799, Switzerland became a virtual battle-zone between the French, Austrian and Imperial Russian armies, with the locals supporting mainly the latter two, rejecting calls to fight with the French armies in the name of the Helvetic Republic.
Instability in the Republic reached its peak in 1802–03 — including the Bourla-papey uprising and the Stecklikrieg civil war of 1802. By then it was 12 million francs in debt having started with a treasury of 6 million francs.[5] This together with local resistance caused the Helvetic Republic to collapse, and its government took refuge in Lausanne.
At that time Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul of France, summoned representatives of both sides to Paris in order to negotiate a solution. Although the Federalist representatives formed a minority at the conciliation conference — known as the "Helvetic Consulta" — Bonaparte characterised Switzerland as federal "by nature" and considered it unwise to force the country into any other constitutional framework.
On February 19, 1803, the Act of Mediation restored the cantons. With the abolition of the centralized state, Switzerland became a confederation once again.

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/ Graubunden /

/ Davos /

/ League_of_the_Ten_Jurisdictions /

___|___________________________|____________________________|___

The Canton of Graubünden or Grisons (German: Graubünden, [ɡraʊˈbʏndən] ( listen); Italian: Grigioni [ɡriˈdʒoːni]; Romansh: Grischun [ɡʁiˈʒun] ( listen); see alsoother names) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. The canton shares borders with the cantons of Ticino, Uri, Glarus and St. Gallen and international borders with Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The name Graubünden translates as the "Grey Leagues," referring to the canton's origin in three local alliances, theLeague of God's House, the Grey League, and the League of Ten Jurisdictions. Graubünden is also home to three of Switzerland's ethnic groups and the subsequent languages of Swiss German, Italian and Romansh are all native to the state. It is the only officially trilingual canton and the only canton where the Romansh language has official status.
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/ Chur /
The League of God's House (German: Gotteshausbund, Italian: Lega Caddea, Romansh: Lia da la Chadé) was formed in what is now Switzerland on January 29, 1367 to resist the rising power of the Bishopric of Chur and the House of Habsburg. The League allied with the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions in 1471 to form the Three Leagues. The League of God's House, together with the two other Leagues, was allied with the Old Swiss Confederacy throughout the 15th and 16th centuries. After the Napoleonic wars the League of God's House became a part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden.
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/ Romansh_language /

___________________

/ Achiram / Romania / Alemannic /
Like all languages, Romansh has its own archaisms, that is, words derived from Latin which have fallen out of use in most other Romance languages. Examples include baselgia 'church' (Vegl bašalka, Rom biserică),urar 'to pray' (Pg orar, Rom a ura - to wish), aura 'weather' (OFr ore, Arom avrî), scheiver 'carnival',[134] cudesch 'book', the last two of which are only found in Romansh. The non-Engadinese dialects retain anceiver ~entschaiver 'to begin', from Latin incipere, otherwise only found in Romanian începere, whereas Surmiran and Engadinese (Putèr, Vallader) and all other Romance languages retain a reflex of Latin *cuminitiāre, e.g. Engadinese (s)cumanzar, Italian cominciare, French commencer. Other examples are memia (adv.) 'too much', derived from Latin nimia (adj., fem.), only found in Old Occitan,[135] and Engadinese encleger 'to understand' (vs. non-Engadinese capir), found also in Romanian înţelege and Albanian (n)dëgjoj, from Latin intellegere.
Some words were adapted into Romansh through different dialects of German, such as the word for 'farmer', borrowed as paur from Bavarian in Vallader and Putèr, but from Alemannic as pur in the other dialects.

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/ Gera / Bernice /
|
/ Geneva / Unics in Munich /
|
/ Ava / Ave / Avi / Avo /
History
The current settlement of the Davos area started back in High Middle Ages with the immigration of Rhaeto-Romans. The village of Davos is first mentioned in 1213 asTavaus.[5] From about 1280 the barons of Vaz allowed German-speaking Walser colonists to settle down, and conceded them extensive self-administration rights, causing Davos to become the largest Walser settlement area in eastern Switzerland. Natives still speak a dialect that is atypical for Graubünden, showing similarities with German idioms of western parts of Switzerland, especially the Upper Valais.

In 1436, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions was founded in Davos.

The League of the Ten Jurisdictions was the last of the Three Leagues founded during the Middle Ages in what is now Canton Graubünden of Switzerland. The League was created in the County of Toggenburg after the counts of Toggenburg died out. The League initially existed to resist the power of the House of Habsburg, and quickly allied with the Grey League and the League of God's House. In 1524 the three leagues joined together to become the Free State of the Three Leagues, which existed until the Napoleonic dissolution of the Free State.
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/ Indian_religions /

_______________

/ Pantheon /
Indian religions are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.[web 1][note 1] These religions are also classified as Eastern religions. Although Indian religions are connected through the history of India, they constitute a wide range of religious communities, and are not confined to the Indian subcontinent.[web 1]

Evidence attesting to prehistoric religion in the Indian subcontinent derives from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings. The Harappan people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which lasted from 3300 to 1300 BCE (mature period, 2600–1900 BCE), was an early urbanised culture which predates the Vedic religion. The Dravidian peoples and Dravidian languages of South India also predate the Vedic religion.[note 2]

The documented history of Indian religions begins with the historical Vedic religion, the religious practices of the early Indo-Iranians, which were collected and later redacted into the Vedas. The period of the composition, redaction and commentary of these texts is known as the Vedic period, which lasted from roughly 1750 to 500 BCE.[2] This religion was closely related to early Zoroastrianism and its liturgical language, Vedic Sanskrit, was intelligible with Avestan.

The Reform Period between 800–200 BCE marks a "turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".[3] The Shramana movement, an ancient Indian religious movement parallel to but separate from Vedic tradition, gave rise to Jainism [4] and Buddhism,[5] and was responsible for the related concepts of Yoga,[6] saṃsāra (the cycle of birth and death) andmoksha (liberation from that cycle).[7] This period also saw the writing of the Upanishads and the rise of Vedanta.

The Puranic Period (200 BCE – 500 CE) and Early Medieval period (500–1100 CE) gave rise to new configurations of Hinduism, especially bhakti and Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism,Smarta and much smaller groups like the conservative Shrauta.

The early Islamic period (1100–1500 CE) also gave rise to new movements. Sikhism was founded in the 15th century on the teachings of Guru Nanak and the nine successive Sikh Gurus in Northern India.[web 2] The vast majority of its adherents originate in the Punjab region.
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/ Britannia /
With the colonial dominance of the British a reinterpretation and synthesis of Hinduism arose, which aided the Indian independence movement.

/ Maldives /

British protectorate, 1887–1965[edit]On 16 December 1887, the Sultan of the Maldives signed a contract with the British Governor of Ceylon turning the Maldives into a British protected state, thus giving up the islands' sovereignty in matters of foreign policy, but retaining internal self-government. The British government promised military protection and non-interference in local administration in exchange for an annual tribute, so that the islands were akin to an Indian princely state.

An RAF Short Sunderland moored in the lagoon at Addu Atoll, during WWII
In 1953, there was an abortive attempt to form a republic, but the sultanate survived. In 1957 the British established an air base in the strategic southernmost atoll of Addu, paying £2000 a year, employing hundreds of locals. Nineteen years later, the British government (Labour's Harold Wilson) gave up the base, as it was too expensive to maintain.[33]

In 1959, objecting to Ibrahim Nasir's centralism, the inhabitants of the three southernmost atolls protested against the government. They formed the United Suvadive Republic and elected Abdullah Afeef as president and chose Hithadhoo as capital of this republic.[34] However, political infighting during the '70s between Nasir's faction and other political figures led to the 1975 arrest and exile of elected prime minister Ahmed Zaki to a remote atoll. Economic decline followed the closure of the British airfield at Gan and the collapse of the market for dried fish, an important export. With support for his administration faltering, Nasir fled to Singapore in 1978, with millions of dollars from the treasury.

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom began his 30-year role as President in 1978, winning six consecutive elections without opposition. His election was seen as ushering in a period of political stability and economic development in view of Gayoom's priority to develop the poorer islands. Tourism flourished and increased foreign contact spurred development. However, Gayoom's rule was controversial, with some critics saying Gayoom was an autocrat who quelled dissent by limiting freedoms and political favouritism.[35]

A series of coup attempts (in 1980, 1983, and 1988) by Nasir supporters and business interests tried to topple the government without success. While the first two attempts met with little success, the 1988 coup attempt involved a roughly 80-person mercenary force of the PLOTE Tamil militant group who seized the airport and caused Gayoom to flee from house to house until the intervention of 1600 Indian troops airlifted into Malé restored order. The November 1988 coup was headed by Muhammadu Ibrahim Lutfee, a small-businessman. On the night of 3 November 1988, the Indian Air Force airlifted a parachute battalion group fromAgra and flew them over 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) to the Maldives. The Indian paratroopers landed at Hulule and secured the airfield and restored the government rule at Malé within hours. The brief, bloodless operation, labelled Operation Cactus, also involved the Indian Navy.
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/ British_Ceylon /

/ Sri Lanka /

_____|_________________________________________|__

/ Elon / Tamar / Muslim /
British Ceylon (Sinhala: බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව Britanya Lankava Tamil: பிரித்தானிய இலங்கை Birithaniya Ilangai), known contemporaneously as Ceylon, was a BritishCrown colony between 1815 and 1948. At first the area it covered did not include the Kingdom of Kandy, which was a protectorate from 1815, but from 1817 to 1948 the British possessions included the whole island of Ceylon, now the nation of Sri Lanka.

The multiracial population of Ceylon was numerous enough to support the European colonists; the Portuguese and the Dutch offspring of the past 440 odd years of colonial history was large enough to run a stable government. Unlike the previous rulers, the British embarked on a plantation programme which initially brought coffee plantations to the island. These were later wiped out by coffee rust. Coffee plants were replaced by tea and rubber plantations. This made Ceylon one of the richest countries in Asia.
The British also brought a million Tamils from British India and made them indentured labourers in the Hill Country. This was in addition to the several hundred thousand Tamils already living in the Maritime provinces and another 30,000 Tamil Muslims. Thus the seed of ethnic discord was sown in the British era. The linguistically bipolar island needed a link language and English became universal in Ceylon.[7]
British Governors of Ceylon
[edit]Main articles: British governors of Ceylon and Executive Council of Ceylon
Between 1796 and 1948, Ceylon was a British crown colony. Although the British monarch was the head of state, in practice his or her functions were exercised in the colony by the colonial Governor, who acted on instructions from the British government in London.
__________________

/ King Solomon / Tarshish /
Early inhabitants of Sri Lanka were probably ancestors of the Vedda people,[30] an indigenous people numbering approximately 2,500 living in modern-day Sri Lanka. The 19th-century Irish historian James Emerson Tennent theorized that Galle, a city in southern Sri Lanka, was the ancient seaport of Tarshish from which King Solomon is said to have drawn ivory, peacocks, and other valuables.

The global purchasing power of Tamil Muslims in 2011 was estimated at almost $13 billion viz. $5 billion in Tamil Nadu, $4 billion in Malaysia, $3 billion in Sri Lanka, $600 million in Singapore. Tamil Muslims have historically been money changers [21] (not money lenders) throughout South and South East Asia especially in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong are dominated by them.[22] Generally Tamil Muslims are involved in various trades like retail, mutton shops, shops in foreign bazaar.[23] They are also involved in pearl/gem trade[24] and leather industry.[25] The coloured stones business which Sri Lanka is famous for is in the hands of Tamil speaking Muslims. Other than Gujarati and Marwadis the only community doing wholesale diamond business in Hong Kong, Dubai, Belgium, Thailand other than Mumbai is Tamil Muslims from Ramnad. Semiprecious stones like peridot, rubilite, amethyst, or moonstone are led by Tamil Muslims from Tanjore district in countries like China, Thailand, Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia. Paper business by people from Erwadi. Department store, textile showrooms by people from Pallapatti. Burma bazar is led by entrepreneurs from Ramanathapuram district. Due to new emerging opportunities, lot of Tamil Muslims went to the Persian Gulf. Now lakhs of Tamil Muslims are spread over in GCC countries and also in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei.[26] This brought prosperity to the Tamil Muslim community. There are about 600 millionaires within the community and at least one billionaire viz. B.S. Abdur Rahman (better known as the Buhari Group) who founded the conglomerate ETA Star Group, Chennai Citi Centre, Chepauk Stadium, Marina Lighthouse, Valluvar Kottam, Government General Hospital, Gemini Flyover, Crescent Engineering College, et al.. He owns over 70 ocean-going vessels.[27] Periya Thambi Nainar of the 17th century was widely regarded as the first millionaire from the Tamil Muslim community.[28][29]
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/ Chennai /

/ Tamil_people /

__|__________________________________________|___

/ Britannia /
|

/ Hens / of / Og- /
|
/ Kernania / India / Hindu-Kush /
|
/ Chenaanah / Chenani / Chenaniah /
Chennai i/ˈ tʃ ɛ n aɪ/ (also known as, Madras i/m ə ˈ d r ɑː s/) is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is the biggest industrial and commercial centre in South India,[6] and a major cultural, economic and educational centre. Chennai is known as the "Detroit of India" for its automobile industry.[7] Chennai is the fifth-largest city and fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the country and 31st-largest urban area in the world. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socio-economic problems.

The city is host to the third-largest expatriate population in India after Mumbai and Delhi, with 35,000 in 2009 and steadily climbing to 82,790 in 2011.[8][9] Chennai is the only city in South Asia and India to figure in the "52 places to go around the world" by The New York Times.[10][11][12] Tourism guide publisher Lonely Planet has named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015.[13] Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index ahead of Hyderabad and Kolkata.[citation needed]
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/ Cherethites /
The Chera dynasty also known as Kerala Putras, Chera[6] was an ancient dynasty in India, ruling over an area corresponding to modern-day western Tamil Naduand Kerala. Together with the Chola and the Pandyas, it formed the three principal warring Iron Age kingdoms of southern India in the early centuries of the Common Era.

________________________________

/ Beor /
Armed forces Main article: Ceylon Defence Force
See also: Participation of Ceylon in World War II
The Ceylon Defence Force (CDF) was the military of British Ceylon. Established in 1881 as the Ceylon Volunteers, as the military reserve in the British crown colony of Ceylon, by 1910 it grew into the Ceylon Defence Force, a regular force responsible for the defence of Ceylon. The CDF was under the command of the General Officer Commanding, Ceylon, of the British Army in Ceylon if mobilised. However mobilisation could be carried out only under orders from the Governor. The Ceylon Defence Force has seen action in a number of wars such as the Second Boer War and both World Wars.
It is the predecessor to the Ceylon Army.[9]
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/ Indo-Aryan_languages /

____________________

/ Aryan / African /
The Indo-Aryan (or Indic) languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent, spoken largely by Indo-Aryan people. They constitute a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family. Indo-Aryan speakers form about one half of all Indo-European speakers (approx 1.5 of 3 billion), and more than half of all Indo-European languages recognized by Ethnologue.
The largest in terms of native speakers are Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu, about 240 million), Bengali (about 230 million), Punjabi (about 110 million),[2] Marathi (about 70 million), Gujarati (about 45 million), Bhojpuri (about 40 million), Oriya (about 30 million), Sindhi (about 20 million), Sinhala (about 16 million), Nepali (about 14 million), and Assamese (about 13 million), with a total number of native speakers of more than 900 million.

Ariana
This article is about a historical term. For other uses, see Ariana (disambiguation).
Ariana, the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek Ἀρ(ε)ιανή Ar(e)ianē[1] (inhabitants: Ariani; Ἀρ(ε)ιανοί Ar(e)ianoi),[2] was a general geographical term used by some Greek and Roman authors of the ancient period for a district of wide extent between Central Asia [3] and the Indus River,[4] comprehending the eastern provinces of the Achaemenid Empire [5] that covered parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan,Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[6]

At various times, the region was governed by the Persians (Achaemenids, 550–330 BC; Sasanians, 275–650 AD; Kushano-Sasanians, 345–450 AD), Macedonians (Seleucids, 330–250 BC; Greco-Bactrians, 250–110 BC; Indo-Greeks, 155–90 BC), Iranian peoples from Persia and Central Asia (Parthians, 160 BC–225 AD; Indo-Scythians, 90 BC–20 AD; Indo-Parthians, 20–225 AD; Kushans, 110 BC–225 AD), white Huns(Kidarites, 360–465 AD; Hephthalites, 450–565 AD), Indian empires (Mauryans, 275–185 BC; Hindu-Shahis)

Avestan
/əˈvɛstən/,[2] formerly also known as "Zend", is an Iranian language of the Eastern Iranian division, known only from its use as the language of Zoroastrianscripture, i.e. the Avesta, from which it derives its name. Its area of composition comprised ancient Sistan/Arachosia, Aria, Margiana, and Bactria,[3] corresponding to parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Yaz culture [4] of Bactria-Margiana has been regarded as a likely archaeological reflection of the early Eastern Iranian culture described in the Avesta.

Avestan's status as a sacred language has ensured its continuing use for new compositions long after the language had ceased to be a living language.
It is closely related to Vedic Sanskrit, the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan language.[5]
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/ Tir- / Tiria / Tiras / Tirzah / Tirathites / Tira-hanah / Tirashatha / Thyatira /
|
/ Baal - Hanan /
|
/ Tir / Tirishatha / Hellenist / Sirius /
Tishtrya[pronunciation?] (Tištrya) is the Avestan language name of an Zoroastrian benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility. Tishtrya is Tir in Middle- and Modern Persian. As has been judged from the archaic context in which Tishtrya appears in the texts of the Avesta, the divinity/concept is almost certainly ofIndo-Iranian origin.
In a hymn of the Avesta (incorporated by Ferdowsi, with due acknowledgement, in the Shahnameh), Tishtrya is involved in a cosmic struggle against the drought-bringing demon Apaosha. According to the myth, in the form of a pure white horse the god did battle with the demon who, in contrast, had assumed the form of a terrifying black horse. Apaosa soon gained the upper hand over Tishtrya, who was weakened from the lack of sufficient prayers and sacrifices from humankind. The yazata proceeded to call upon the Creator Ahura Mazda, who himself then intervened by offering a sacrifice to the overwhelmed god. Infused with the power brought by this sacrifice, Tishtrya was able to overcome Apaosa, and his rains were able to flow to the parched fields and pastures unabated by drought. This story serves to underscore the importance of votive offerings and sacrifice in religious tradition.
In the Zoroastrian religious calendar, the 13th day of the month and the 4th month of the year are dedicated to Tishtrya/Tir, and hence named after the entity. In theIranian civil calendar, which inherits its month names from the Zoroastrian calendar, the 4th month is likewise named Tir.
During the Achaemenid period, Tishtrya was conflated with Semitic Nabu-*Tiri, and thus came to be associated with the Dog Star, Sirius. The Tiregan festival, previously associated with *Tiri (a reconstructed name), was likewise transferred to Tishtrya. During the Hellenic period, Tishtrya came to be associated with Pythian Apollo, patron ofDelphi, and thus a divinity of oracles.

References

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| | |

/ Hindu_Kush /

/ Kushan_Empire /

/ Myanmar / Burma /

_______________

/ Kushan / Satraps /
The Kushan Empire (Bactrian: κοϸανο; Sanskrit: कुषाण राजवंश Kuṣāṇ Rājavaṃśa; BHS: Guṣāṇa-vaṃśa; Parthian: 𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓 Kušan-xšaθr[4]) was an empire in Indiaoriginally formed in the early 1st century AD under Kujula Kadphises in the territories of the former Greco-Bactrian Kingdom around the Oxus River (Amu Darya), and later based near Kabul, Afghanistan.[5] The Kushans spread from the Kabul River Valley to also encompass much of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, from which they took their first official language (Greek),[6] Bactrian alphabet, Greco-Buddhist religion, coinage system, and art. They absorbed the Central Asian tribes that had previously conquered parts of the northern central Iranian Plateau once ruled by the Parthians, and reached their peak under the Buddhist emperor Kanishka (127–151), whose realm stretched from Turfan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic Plain."[3]

The Kushans were one of five branches of the Yuezhi confederation,[7][8] a possibly Iranian [9] or Tocharian,[10] Indo-European [11] nomadic people who had migrated from the Tarim Basin and settled in ancient Bactria.[8] Some of the Kushan kings, amongst them Kanishka, had a Turushka origin.[2][12] Their official language, the Indo-European Bactrian language, is closely related to the modern Afghan languages.

During the 1st and early 2nd centuries AD, the Kushans expanded across the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath nearVaranasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, which began about 127 AD [13][14][15] Around 152 AD, Kanishka sent his armies north of the Karakoram mountains. They captured territories as far as Kashgar, Khotan and Yarkant, in the Tarim Basin of modern-dayXinjiang, China. A direct road from Gandhara to China was opened which remained under Kushan control for more than 100 years. The security offered by the Kushans encouraged travel across the Khunjerab Pass and facilitated the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China.
_____________

/ Zorah / Hellenist /
The Kushans are believed to have been predominantly Zoroastrian.[citation needed] However, from the time of Vima Takto, many Kushans started adopting aspects of Buddhist culture. Like the Egyptians, they absorbed the strong remnants of the Greek Culture of the Hellenistic Kingdoms, becoming at least partly Hellenised. The great Kushan emperor Vima Kadphises may have embraced Saivism, as surmised by coins minted during the period. The following Kushan emperors represented a wide variety of faiths including Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and possibly Saivism (a sect of Hinduism).

The rule of the Kushans linked the seagoing trade of the Indian Ocean with the commerce of the Silk Road through the long-civilized Indus Valley. At the height of the dynasty, the Kushans loosely ruled a territory that extended to the Aral Sea through present-day Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan into northern India.
The loose unity and comparative peace of such a vast expanse encouraged long-distance trade, brought Chinese silks to Rome, and created strings of flourishing urban centers.
_________________

/ Alexandria / Ptolemaic / Roman / Cushite / Persian / Scythian / Casiphia /
The Kushan dynasty had diploatic contacts with the Roman Empire, Sassanid Persia, Aksumite Empire and Han China. While much philosophy, art, and science was created within its borders, the only textual record we have of the empire's history today comes from inscriptions and accounts in other languages, particularly Chinese.[16] The Kushan control fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms in the 3rd century AD, which fell to the Sassanians who targeted from the west. In the fourth century, the Guptas, an Indian dynasty also pressed from the east. The last of the Kushan and Sassanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by the Hepthalites, another Indo-European people from the north.[3]
_________________________
|

/ Bactria /

_____________

/ Islam / Caleb /
Onset of Islam
Thirty years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the Arabs defeated the Persian Sassanids during the Rashidun Caliphate. The Muslim Umayyad Caliphate, which was founded in 661, ruled over Iran and much of the Middle East, including Bactrian lands.[15]

Advancing further the Muslims faced off with the Turk Shahis ruling in Bactria and defeated them. In 663, they attacked Bactria, which the Turki Shahis had taken from the Western Turks by this time. The Umayyad forces captured the area around Balkh, including Nava Vihara Monastery, causing the Turki Shahis to retreat to the Kabul Valley.[15]
___________________________________

/ Bronze / Macedonia / Seleucia / Greek /
Bactrian people
The Bactrians were the inhabitants of Bactria. Several important trade routes from India and China (including the Silk Road) passed through Bactria and, as early as theBronze Age, this had allowed the accumulation of vast amounts of wealth by the mostly nomadic population. The first proto-urban civilization in the area arose during the 2nd millennium BC. Control of these lucrative trade routes, however, attracted foreign interest, and in the 6th century BC the Bactrians were conquered by the Persians, and in the 4th century BC by the Ancient Macedonians. These conquests marked the end of the Bactrian independence. From around 304 BC the area formed part of the Seleucid Empire, and from around 250 BC it was the centre of a Greco-Bactrian kingdom, ruled by the descendants of Greeks who had settled there following the conquest of Alexander the Great.
____________

/ Arabah / Parthian /
These people, also known in Sanskrit as Yavanas, worked in cooperation with the native Bactrian aristocracy. By the early 2nd century BC the Greco-Bactrians had created an impressive empire that stretched southwards to include northwest India. By about 135 BC, however, this kingdom had been overrun by invading Yuezhi tribes, an invasion that later brought about the rise of the powerful Kushan Empire. From this point the Bactrians tend to disappear from the historical record, a disappearance made final by the Arab invasion of the 8th century AD.

The Bactrians spoke Bactrian, a northeastern Iranian language, descended from Avestan, and most closely related to extinct Khwarezmian, modern Yaghnobi, and Ossetian. Bactrian went extinct, replaced by southeastern Iranian languages such as Pashto, Yidgha, Munji, and Ishkashmi. The Encyclopaedia Iranica states:
Bactrian thus occupies an intermediary position between Pashto and Yidgha-Munji on the one hand, Sogdian, Choresmian, and Parthian on the other: it is thus in its natural and rightful place in Bactria.[16]
_____________

/ Islam / Zorah /
The principal religions of the area before Islam were Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.[17] The Bactrian people are primarily the ancestors of modern-day Tajiks as well as Pashtuns.[18][19] Regarding Tajiks, theEncyclopædia Britannica states:
The Tajiks are the direct descendants of the Iranian peoples whose continuous presence in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan is attested from the middle of the 1st millennium bc. The ancestors of the Tajiks constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwārezm (Khorezm) and Bactria, which formed part of Transoxania (Sogdiana). They were included in the empires of Persia and Alexander the Great, and they intermingled with such later invaders as the Kushāns and Hepthalites in the 1st–6th centuries ad. Over the course of time, the eastern Iranian dialect that was used by the ancient Tajiks eventually gave way to Farsi, a western dialect spoken in Iran and Afghanistan.[20]

__________________________________________

/ Tanners / of / Ararat /--/ Aram son of Kemuel /
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| | |

/ Ararat_Province /

/ Afghanistan /

/ Kingdom_of_Afghanistan /

/ Dominion_of_Pakistan /

/ Emirate_of_Afghanistan /

/ Durrani_Empire /

/ Myanmar / Burma /

______|__________________________|_____________________________|____

/ Pa- / achi- /
/ Aph- / ga- / han- / ani- / is- / tan /
Afghanistan i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia andCentral Asia.[8][9] It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Its territory covers 652,000 km2 (252,000 sq mi), making it the 41st largest country in the world.

Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era,[10] and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of theMiddle East and other parts of Asia.[11] Through the ages the land has been home to various peoples[12] and witnessed numerous military campaigns, notably byAlexander the Great, Muslim Arabs, Mongols, British, Soviet Russians, and in the modern-era by Western powers.[10] The land also served as the source from which theKushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khiljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, and others have risen to form major empires.[13]
________________

/ Hot- / Ach- / Za- / hir- / Sha- / hah- /
The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century.[14][15][16] In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. Following the 1919 Anglo-Afghan War, King Amanullah and King Mohammed Zahir Shah attempted modernization of the country. A series of coups in the 1970s was followed by a Soviet invasion and a series of civil wars that devastated much of the country.
___________________

/ Their Elders /
The Durrani Empire, Durrani Tulukamani, Durrani Wakmani, Durrani Emirate (Pashto: د درانیانو واکمني‎), also called the Sadozai Kingdom and the Last Afghan Empire,[4] was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani with its capital at Kandahar, Afghanistan.[5][6] The Durrani Empire at its maximum extent encompassed present-day Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan (including the Panjdeh oasis), most of Pakistan, and northwestern India, including the Kashmir region. Durrani's Pashtun soldiers also instigated the Sikh holocaust of 1762 when they killed thousands of Sikhs in the Punjab.[7][8][9] With the support of various tribal leaders,Ahmad Shah Durrani with his Baloch allies extended Afghan control from Khorasan in the west to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.[10][11] In the second half of the 18th century, the Durrani Empire was the second-greatest Muslim empire, surpassed in size only by theOttoman Empire.[11]

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|

/ Hazara_people /

____________________

/ Haz-/ Hazor -Hazar / Cabul-ist /
Diaspora[edit]Main articles: Hazara diaspora and Afghan diaspora
Alessandro Monsutti argues, in his recent anthropological book,[47] that migration is the traditional way of life of the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations which have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated only by emergency situations such as war.[48] Due to the decades of war in Afghanistan and the sectarian violence in Pakistan, many Hazaras left their communities and have settled in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdomand particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark. Some go to these countries as exchange students while others through human smuggling, which sometimes cost them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died in the ocean while trying to reach Australia by boats from Indonesia.[49]Many of these were Hazaras, including women and small children who could not swim. The notable case was the Tampa affair in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazara, was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru.[50] New Zealand agreed to take some of the refugees and all but one of those were granted stay.

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/ Casiphia / Mountain Men / of / Mamre / of / Ado /
|
/ Bronze Serpent /
|
/ Fist / of / Green Laurel Tree / of / Syria /
|
/ Consider / Benjamin Netanyahu / Who is ? / The Signet Ring / Ring / Lea-der / of / The Sect /
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| | |

Pashtun_Americans

/ Lot / Behind-America /
|
/ Tur-Kish / Kemuel /

Pathan_(disambiguation)

/ Madai / of / Casiphia /

Pathans_of_Kashmir

/ Chi-/-iz-zi-/-ina /
|
/ Kurd-ish /-Ukraine /

________|___________________________|_________________________|__________

/ Tan / Ten / Tin / Ton / Tun /
|
/ Jar of Carpenters - Bees of Bear / Tyrian / Oil / Craftsman / in the Carcass-Or-body of the lion, /
|
/ Sickle / of / Carpenter Bees / of / Tyre / Y Eye I / Tiras / of / Craftsman / of / Hammer /
|
/ Korah's Rebellion / Moab Rebelled (Kir-hareseth) / Rebellion of Sheba /
|
/ Cretans / of / Manaen / of / Manoah / of / Maon / of / Mahlon / of / Mahol / of / Mayon /
|
[ Woe to Those at Ease at Zion ]
|
/ Cabul-ist / of / Philosophers / of / Ashteroth-Karnaim / of / Nebo-(Karnebo) / of / Z-ion-ism /
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphia h / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
/ Greece / Who is ? / Salamis --Salome-Salma--Salmon-Salmone / Who is ? / Greece /
|
/ Humpty Dumpty / of / Anuki / of / Aztec -Incah--Micah / Hid Them Selves / Behind-America /
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphia h / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
/ Har- / Her- / Ach-Hir-Ram / Hor- / Hur- /
|
/ Woe / Two Sons / of / Tou King of Hamath / of / Toah /
|
/ Potters / of / Elkanah / of / Jeroham of Gedor / of / Eliel the Mahavite / of / Pashhur of Immer /
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| |

Kazakhstan

Pathans_of_Rajasthan

/ Carites / of / Balak / of / Rajastan /
|
/ Amaw / of / Eri-trea / Bar-Riot /
|
/ Cabul-ist /

_____|________________________________________|____

/ Pashhur /
The history of the Pashtun people is ancient and has not been fully researched. Excavations of prehistoric sites suggest that early humans were living in what is now Afghanistan and North-west Pakistan at least 50,000 years ago.[38] Since the 2nd millennium BC, cities in the region now inhabited by Pashtuns have seen invasions and migrations, including by Ancient Iranian peoples, the Medes, Persians andGreeks of antiquity, Indians, Kushans, Hephthalites, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and others. In recent times, people of the Western world have explored the area as well.[38][39][40]
Most historians acknowledge that the origin of the Pashtuns is somewhat unclear, although there are many conflicting theories, some modern and others archaic, both among historians and the Pashtuns themselves.[41]
"... the origin of the Afghans is so obscure, that no one, even among the oldest and most clever of the tribe, can give satisfactory information on this point."[42]
"Looking for the origin of Pashtuns and the Afghans is something like exploring the source of the Amazon. Is there one specific beginning? And are the Pashtuns originally identical with the Afghans? Although the Pashtuns nowadays constitute a clear ethnic group with their own language and culture, there is no evidence whatsoever that all modern Pashtuns share the same ethnic origin. In fact it is highly unlikely."[43]
Early precursors to some of the Pashtuns may have been old Iranian tribes that spread throughout the eastern Iranian plateau.[44] According to the Russian scholar Yu. V. Gankovsky, the Pashtuns probably began as a "union of largely East-Iranian tribes which became the initial ethnic stratum of the Pashtun ethnogenesis, dates from the middle of the first millennium CE and is connected with the dissolution of the Epthalites (White Huns) confederacy." He proposes Kushan-o-Ephthalite origin for Pashtuns[45][46] but others draw a different conclusion. According to Abdul Hai Habibi, some oriental scholars hold that the second largest Pasthun tribe, the Ghiljis, are the descendants of a mixed race of Hephthalite and Pakhtas who have been living in Afghanistan since the Vedic Aryan period.[36] That Nasher Khans descend from the Ghaznavid Kings, for example, is a common assumption. [47][48][49][50][51]
They are intimately tied to the history of modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Following Muslim conquests from the 7th to 11th centuries, many Pashtun ghazis(warriors) invaded and conquered much of the northern parts of South Asia during the periods of the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Khiljis, Lodis, Suris and Durranis.

The Sikh holocaust of 1762 (Punjabi: ਵੱਡਾ ਘੱਲੂਘਾਰਾ Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā [ʋəɖɖɑ kə̀lːuɡɑ̀ɾɑ] "the great massacre or holocaust") was the mass killing of the Sikhs by Afghani Durrani Forces that happened during the years of Afghan influence in the Punjab region owing to the repeated incursions of Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1764[citation needed]. As such, it is distinguished from the Sikh holocaust of 1746 ("the lesser massacre or holocaust").[1]

The Sikh holocausts were not pogroms in the sense of the killing of masses of defenseless people. Since the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev in 1606, Sikhs wielded arms in self-defense. They are called ghalughara because of the wholesale slaughter of the innocent with the intention of genocide. The first holocaust was a dramatic and bloody massacre during the Afghan provincial government's campaign to wipe out the Sikhs, an offensive that had begun with the Mughals and lasted several decades.[2]

Salafist_movement

__________________|__________________

/ Fist / of / Jahdai-ist / of / Islam-ism-ist / of / Judah-ism /
|
/ Carites / of / Arama-ic / Ar-me-en-ni-ia / Aramean / of / Ararat /
|
/ Chaldean / Aramean / Judeans / Haes-mone-an / Sabeans /

"Salafist jihadists
Salafi jihadism or Jihadist-Salafism is a neologism used to describe a jihadist movement or ideology in the Salafi movement.

The terms "Salafist jihadists" and "Jihadist-Salafism" were coined by scholar Gilles Kepel in 2002[1][2][3] to describe the beliefs of the Salafi who became interested in violent/offensive jihad starting in the mid-1990s. The concept is now more often referred to simply as "jihadism" or as the "jihadist movement".[4]

Practitioners are referred to as "Salafi jihadis" or "Salafi jihadists". They are sometimes described as a variety of Salafi,[5] and sometimes as separate from "good Salafis"[2][6] whose movement is a "precursor" of Salafi jihadism.[3]

While Salafism had next to no presence in Europe in the 1980s, by the mid-2000s, Salafist jihadists had acquired "a burgeoning presence in Europe, having attempted more than 30 terrorist attacks among E.U. countries since 2001."[2]

/ Qajar_dynasty /

____________________________________

/ Balak /
|
/ Sickle / of / Carpenter Bees / of / Tyre / Y Eye I / Tiras / of / Craftsman / of / Hammer /
|
/ Jar of Carpenters - Bees of Bear / Tyrian / Oil / Craftsman / in the Carcass-Or-body of the lion, /
|
/ Spain-/ Kar-tah / Ker-ioth / Kir-Qatar-Atar / Kor-ah / Kurd-ish /-Ukraine /
|
/ Madai-Maine- of / 3) Spain-Tarshish / 5)-Kartah-Qatar-Bahrain / of 4) Rushash-Ukraine-Rosh /
|
/ 2) Germain-Olive-Oil of Towns of Gerar /
__________________________|__________________________

/ Kartah / Qatar- / Arabah / Atar / and Bahurim / of Joktan /
|
/ Jarha /
|
/ ISIS / of / Serpent / of / Malta / of / Jetur /
|
/ In the Field of Jaar /

/ Eurasia /

/ EU-Ur-Asia /

Asia

/ Asia /

India

/ India /

___________|__________________________|____________________________|__________

/ Ancient -/ History of India / Ancient India / Indus Valley /- Scribes /
|

/ West Indians / History of Tribes / Indigenous peoples in South America /
__________________________
|

Geronimo

|
/ Feathers / of / Handkerchief / of / Ger-oni-im-mo / Bow and Arrows / of / Jeremiah /
|
/ Parable of Lost Coin /
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/ Suit and Hat / of Appaim: / of / Anuki / of / Aztec -Incah--Micah /
|
/ The Forum of Appius and Three-Taverns /
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/ The son of Appaim: Ishi. The son of Ishi: Sheshan. The son of Sheshan: Ahlai. /
|
/ Ahlai / and / Attai / son of / Jarah / of / Jarha / of / Sheshan's Egyptian slave / of Ishi /
|
/ Micah and The Levite / A Levite and His Concubine / Micah and the Carved Image /
|
/ Cretans / of / Manaen / of / Manoah / of / Maon / of / Mahlon / of / Mahol / of / Mayon /
|
/ Segub / of / Serug to Seraiah / of / Serpent / of / Bronze Serpent / of / Serug /
|
/ Ban / Ib-ben / Ben / Bin / Bon / Jew-ish-Bund-les /
|
/ Bee - Koz / Samaritans of / Caps and Hats / Head Coverings / of Ben- / India /
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/ Cri-/ Hypocricy / Y Eye I / Hy- Hipo-cri-ites /
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/ Who / Cry / Beam / Me Up / Scotty /
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| | | | |

John_Herrington

/ American-
Indians /
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/ Eshcol /
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/ Anglo- Indian /

/ Italian Indian /
|
/ ITALIAN /
|

Silversmith

Sequoyah

European - Indians
|
/ Sephardi /

Maimonides

/ Philosophers /

Charles_Alexander

Santee Dakota
and
Anglo-American

Charles Alexander Eastman (born Hakadah and later named Ohíye S’a; February 19, 1858 – January 8, 1939) was a Native American physician, writer, national lecturer, and reformer.
Eastman was of Santee Dakota and Anglo-American ancestry. Active in politics and issues on American Indian rights, he worked to improve the lives of youths, and founded thirty-two Native American chapters of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). He also helped found the Boy Scouts of America. He is considered the first Native American author to write American history from the Native point of view.

Rakesh_Sharma

Joseph_Brant

Native
American Indian

Native Americans within the boundaries of the present-day United States (including indigenous peoples of Alaska and Hawaii) are composed of numerous, distinct tribes and ethnic groups, many of which survive as intact political communities. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have been controversial. According to a 1995 U.S. Census Bureau set of home interviews, most of the respondents with an expressed preference refer to themselves as "American Indians" or simply "Indians"; this term has been adopted by major newspapers and some academic groups, but does not traditionally include Native Hawaiians or certainAlaskan Natives, such as Aleut, Yup'ik, or Inuit peoples.

Ravish_Malhotra

Black_Seminoles

Black- Indians

Black Indians are people of African-American descent, usually with significant Native American ancestry, who also have strong ties to Native American culture, social, and historical traditions.[2]
Many Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands today have extensive African descent, such as the Narragansett,Pequot, Lumbee, and others.
Certain Native American tribes had close relations with African Americans, especially those where slavery was prevalent. Members of the Five Civilized Tribes held enslaved blacks, who migrated with them to the West in 1830 and later. In peace treaties with the US after the American Civil War, the tribes, which had sided with the Confederacy, were required to emancipate slaves and give them full citizenship rights in their nations. The Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole have created controversy in recent decades as they tightened rules for membership in their nations and excluded Freedmen who did not have at least one Native American ancestor on the early 20th-century Dawes Rolls. The Chickasaw Nation never extended citizenship to Chickasaw Freedmen.[3]

Bobby Jindal

Asian- Indians

Indian Americans are Americans of Indian ancestry and comprise about 2.82 million people, or about 0.9% of the U.S. population, the country's third largest self-reported Asian ancestry group after Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, according to American Community Survey of 2010 data.[1] The U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians.

Kalpana_Chawla

____|___________________|________________|______________|__________________|______

[ The King's Banquets ]

Now in the days of Ahasuerus, the Ahasuerus who reigned from India to Ethiopia
over 127 provinces,
________________

Esther 1:1
[ The King's Banquets ] Now in the days of Ahasuerus, the Ahasuerus who reigned fromIndia to Ethiopia over 127 provinces,
Esther 1:1-3 (in Context) Esther 1 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations

____________________

Esther Saves the Jews

The king's scribes were summoned at that time, in the third month, which is the month of Sivan,
on the twenty-third day.
And an edict was written, according to all that Mordecai -commanded concerning the Jews,
to the satraps
and
the governors
and
the officials of the provinces from India to Ethiopia,
127 provinces,
to each province in its own script
and
to each people in its own language,
and
also to the Jews in their script
and
their language.
____________________

Esther 8:9
The king's scribes were summoned at that time, in the third month, which is the month of Sivan, on the twenty-third day. And an edict was written, according to all that Mordecai commanded concerning the Jews, to the satraps and the governors and the officials of the provinces from India to Ethiopia, 127 provinces, to each province in its own script and to each people in its own language, and also to the Jews in their script and their language.
Esther 8:8-10 (in Context) Esther 8 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations

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|1 |2 |3 |4 |5
/ Raise a Signal -Make a SignPost /- Blow and -Sound the Alarm /- and the Trumpets /
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/ Oppose / and / Expose /
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/ Japheth-/ Beth / of / Both of Them / of / Baal /-Shem /
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/ Hellenist of Alexandria /
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/ The House of Eli /
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/ Philistines from Caphtor /--/ Phoenicians /--/ from / Syrians from Kir ? /
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/ Pirates of the Caribean /
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/ Abi-melech-Conspiracy" / Timber / and / Stones / of / "Gibeonite Desception" /
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/ Their Elders /--Hanan--/ Head and Tail /
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/ Called By Their Name /
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/ Consp-ic-uous- / CIA / --/ Chi-/-iz-zi-/-ina /-- / Micah /-Cons-ola-tion /
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/ The Levant /
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/ Zochar /
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/ Hasmon-ean /  Ha-shem / of / Hasham/Chus-ham/Hushim / of the Zerahites /
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/ Balak / of / Mt. Halak /-Is-/ Mt. Meron / of / Balaam /
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/ The Kenites / of / The Oak of Moreh / of Elon /
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/ Palti the son of Laish who was of Gallim / the city Dan / of Bashan /
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/ Hazor -/ Beth-Rehob /- Golan /
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/ Pantheon / Eunuchs / of / Babylon / of / Thebes /
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____________________________of____________________________

/ The Ancient / Books of / The Bible / and / The Book of Jashar /
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/ The Books of Jubilees / of / Bab- / Beb- / Bib- / Bob- / Bub- / of / The Books of / Quran /
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/ Nazareth / Na-zar-ene / Nazirite /
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/ Korah's Rebellion / Moab Rebelled (Kir-har-ese-th) / Rebellion of Sheba /
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/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphia h / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
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/ Cabul-ist / of / Philosophers / of / Ashteroth-Karnaim / of / Nebo-(Karnebo) / of / Z-ion-ism /
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/ Bethlehem-ite / of / Hebron / of / The House of Shiloh / of / Ephrath-ite (that is Bethlehem)
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/ House of Obed-Edom / of / Syria is in League with Ephraim / of / House of Eli-Melech /
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/ Shelah / of / The Plain of the Valley / of / Jehoshaphat / and his Brother / Emim / of / Mamre /
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/ Gen-eal-ogy of David / of / Jether and Jonathan / of / G-ene-al-og-y of Saul /
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/ House of Israel / of / House of Is-ra-ael / of / Elders of Israel  /
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/ House of Jacob / of / House of Joseph / Ephraim / and / Asenath / and his Brother / Ben-jamin /
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/ House of Saul / Royal House of Edom / House of Judah /
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/ The Princes of Zadok -the priest / of Nobles who Arrived in G-ene-va of Munich are Eunuchs /
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/ Pantheon / Eunuchs / of / Babylon / of / Thebes /
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/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /
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/ Tanners / of / S-ham / of / Ararat /
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/ Who Captured the Ark ? /
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/ Walked / Backwards /-is-/ Abel /-is-/ Babel /-is-/ Talked - Backwards /
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/ Naked /
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__________of__________
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/ Avvim / of / Royal / Royal Family / of / Edom /
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_________of_________
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[ The Lord's Day of Vengeance ]
__________________________

/ "You Must Be Born Again" /
__________________________

/ "Each of Them" / of / "One Accord" / "Conspire" / "As One Man" /
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/ Greece / Who is ? / Salamis --Salome-Salma--Salmon-Salmone / Who is ? / Greece /
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/ The Princes / of / Thessalonia /
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/ Sal-ic /
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/ The Box / of / Certain -Men of War / of / Beth-Shemesh / of / Gehazi / of / Areli / of / Felix /
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/ Micah Had a Shrine / at / Carmel / of / Tibreu / of / Abdon the son of Achiram the Gomerite /
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/ Machir the son of Ammiel from the Tribe of Dan son of Gemalli from Lo-debar, / of / Maacah /
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/ Moses called / Hoshea, Joshua / son of Nun /
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/ Hoshea son of Elah son of Caleb the Kenizzite son of Jephunneh son of Jether /
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/ Kenites  / Oak / Amorites /
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/ The Princes are The Nobles who Arrived in Geneva of Munich are Eunuchs /
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/ Sir / -are- / Lords / Rulers / Daites / and / Knights /
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/ Lyre / Y Eye I / L-ir-e / 's ? /
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/ Avvim / of / Eliel the Mahavite / of / Havilah /
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/ Carites / of / Carmel / of / Merari / of / Kêsêd / of / Mari / of / Mardon / of / Avvim /
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/ Tyre / Y Eye I / Tiras /
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/ Pantheon / Eunuchs / of / Babylon / of / Thebes /
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/ Arama-ic / of / Aramean / Tanners / of / Ararat /
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/ Abdon son of Hillel the Pirathonite / sons of Immer /
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/ Treaty / of / Treason / of / Sin and Treacherous / of / Treasuries / of / Ophrah / of / Ophir /
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/ Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
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_________of_________
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[ The Great-Prostit-ute and the Beast ]
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[ Jacob -Blesses His Sons ]
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The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the rulers-staff from between his feet,
until tribute -comes to him; and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples.
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/ But the unbelieving Jew -stirred up the Gentiles and poisoned their minds against-the brothers./
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_______________of_______________
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/ Patmos / Pet-er / Pit / Pot / Put-iel /
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/ Bribes / of / Scribes / of / Rib /
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/ Pay- Tribute - Buy /
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/ Tribunal / Tribes / of / Cast - Lots / of / Tribe -Allotments /
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/ Ribai / Rib- / Tribulation / Riblah / Rib- /
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/ Who? / Take-Took Bribes and Perverted-Supervised - Justice-Justus / of / Job /
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/ Chaldeans / Aramean / Judeans / H-a-e-smonean / Sabeans /
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/ Oppose / and / Heirs and Destructive Heresies / and / Expose /
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/ Message to Messengers -To Those Who Have ? an Ear / of / Seven Churches /
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/ Greece / Who is ? / Salamis --Salome-Salma--Salmon-Salmone / Who is ? / Greece /
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/ Time of Reformation / Bee - Koz / Aaron's Staff / Budded /
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/ God Rescues Lot /
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/ Gavinus / of / House of Steward / of / Keith Clan /
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/ The Mystery of Israel's Salvation /
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"Anyone Not Against US Is For US"

/ ​Surely /​​ ​-Orange and Green /

​​/ Beam / Me Up / Scotty /

/ Eran / Almonds. / Nuts- /

/ San / Sen / Sin / Son / Sun / ​

/ Appaim: / Maasai / Maa- /

/ Ar- / Er- / Ir- / Or- / Ur- /

/ Pledges / Set Up In Secret /

​/ Who is ? of Zochar /|/ Abr-Bru-Ru-UZ-ZZ-Zo- /

​/ Ben-jamin-nite / Oaths /

​/ Z-ion-ism /| / Sh-rines / of / Carmel / |/ The Singers /|/ Unic's / Cross / Blood /

​/ San / Sen / Sin / Son / Sun /

​/ Paltith ​/ of / Javan /

/ Carites / of / Berni-cia /

/ The sons of Elpaal /

/ Synagogue /

​/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /

​​/ Emmanuel /

/ The Jackals of Shinar /|​/ Ben-Jamin-nite / ​| / Tel-Aviv's Shi- Hin-Tou /

​​​/ Trump​ - Builds ​-Towers /​|/ Malcam's King Hiram /​|/ Moadiah's ​Maon-ist /

/ 4) Rushash-Ukraine-Rosh /|/ Tabor's Tib-Bet's Elpaal. /|/ The House of Shiloh / ​

/ Mandrake's of Reuben /

/ Laban-ese / Malta-ese /

/ Chi-hin-ese / Elephants /

/ Feather of Phanuel /

/ The Wheel of Tyrian / Oil /

​/ Portug-ese /

​/ The sons of Elpaal /

​/ Sur- Han- / Pagans /

​/ Tiberius-Ceasar /

​​/ Ongolis /

​​/ Cabul-ist /

​/ Iz- / Mizraim / Izhar / I-zrah-ite / Ezra /

/ Abianus / of / Kikianus /|/ SU-DAN-ESE /​|/ King Hiram / of ​/ Tyre / ​

/ Kernania / Kerma / Cush /

/ Sel-eu-cia /|​/ Ayatollah /|/ The Brit-Ish-​Raja /

/ Ptolema-ic / of / House of Saud /

/ Tur-Kish / Kurd-ish /

/ Ottoman / ​

/ Asia Minor of Kemuel /

/ Caleb /|/ ​​​​​​Who is ? of Mordecai, /

​/ Grapes ​​​​​​Who is ? of Rabbah /

​​/ Son O Man /

​/ Mandrake / of / Mamre /

/ Mandrake of Reuben /

/ Casiphia / Mountain Men /

/ Surely / -Orange and Green /

/ Beam / Me Up / Scotty /

/ San / Sen / Sin / Son / Sun /

/ Who is ? of Zochar /
|
/ Abr-Bru-Ru-UZ-ZZ-Zo- /

/ Ben-jamin-nite / Oaths /

/ Z-ion-ism /
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/ Sh-rines / of / Carmel /
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/ The Singers /
|
/ Unic's / Cross / Blood /

/ San / Sen / Sin / Son / Sun /

/ Paltith / of / Javan /

/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /

/ Emmanuel /

/ The Jackals of Shinar /
|
/ Ben-Jamin-nite /
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/ Tel-Aviv's Shi- Hin-Tou /

/ Trump - Builds -Towers /
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/ Malcam's King Hiram /
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/ Moadiah's Maon-ist /

/ 4) Rushash-Ukraine-Rosh /
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/ Tabor's Tib-Bet's Elpaal. /
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/ The House of Shiloh /

/ Portug-ese /

/ The sons of Elpaal /

/ Sur- Han- / Pagans /

/ Tiberius-Ceasar /

/ Ongolis /

/ Cabul-ist /

/ Iz- / Mizraim / Izhar / I-zrah-ite / Ezra /

/ Abianus / of / Kikianus /
|
/ SU-DAN-ESE /
|
/ King Hiram / of / Tyre /

/ Sel-eu-cia /
|
/ Ayatollah /
|
/ The Brit-Ish-Raja /

/ Ottoman /

/ Caleb /
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/ Who is ? of Mordecai, /

/ Grapes Who is ? of Rabbah /

/ Son O Man /

/ Mandrake / of / Mamre /