/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /
__________________________________
/ Jesus -Curses the Fig - Tree /
|
/ Michael / is / An Angel / Holding / The Key to the Bottomle-ss Pit / and / A Great Chain /
|
____|________/ Who is ? of Ahlai / Who is ? of Bozrah / of / Who is ? of Zochar /_____|____
|
/ "You Must Be Born Again" /
|
/ Bee - Koz /
|
/ The Men of Iconium /
|
/ Our Father's Sinned / Who's Father Sin ? / Your First Father Sinned / Sin of Your Father of Sinai /
|
/ Jonah the son of Amitta /
|
/ Avvim / of / Adam / of / City of Adam / and Eve / of / Ninevah /
|
/ Nic-olia-tan-s / of / Hoopoe, and the Bat / of / Hathath / Hathach / Hatched /
|
/ Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Knessets / of / The Eagle of Saladin /
|
/ Axe-Men / of Acts of Luke / of / Lukud of Likhi / Hatched / Under A Kamon /
|
/ Beth -/ Twin-Gazelles that Grazes among the Lilies /- Baal /
|
/ So you shall purge the evil from your midst /
|
/ Up Root the Weeds of / Debauchery / of / Those Who -Despise ? /
|
/ Humpty Dumpty / of / Anuki / of / Aztec -Incah--Micah / Hid Them Selves / Behind-America /
|
_________of_________
|
/ The Three -/ of / The Great / of / Rabbi--Dayan--Judge / of / Daine-(Dan-ish) / Sons of Hinnom /
|
/ The Poison / of / The Leaven / of / Ra-Veous -Venom / of / Adders / Eg-gg's /
|
/ The Dog / of / The Missing (Link)-Ly-nx / of / The Mark /
|
/ The Scorpions / of / No One Knows / The Mini-Mouse-Mice /
|
/ The Judge / of / The Concubine / of / The Midwife / of / Hobab / of / Moses /
|
/ Abdon / of / Agur / of / Uzziah / Who is ? / Azariah / of / Hillel / of / Othniel /
|
/ The Great / of / A Great Chain / of / The Chain /
|
/ Elon / Was Jesus Not -Alone- and Hungry ? / In The Garden /
|
/ Lippodath / of / Japhthath / of / Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon / of / Jair and Tola / of / Shamgar /
|
/ Samson / of / Samuel / of / Deborah and Barak / of / E-hud / of / Gideon /
|
/ Baharum / of / Har- / Her- / Ach-Hir-Ram / Hor- / Hur- / of / Bahurim /
|
/ Who is ? of Mordecai / of / Rabbi / Dayan / Judge / of / Who is ? of / Rabbah /
|
/ Philistia ? / of / Leviathan / of / Palestine /
|
/ Pledges / Set Up In Secret / Oaths /
|
/ Judges /
|
/ Dog's of / Gideon / Jerubbaal / of / Lappidoth / of / Jerubbaal / Gideon / Hivite /
|
/ Their Judges /
|
/ Judgment /
|
/ The House of Shiloh / of / The House of Eli / of / Sons of Shechem /
|
/ Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob / of / Han / Hen / Hin / Hon / Hun / of / Of the sons of Bani /
|
/ Bezalel / of / Craftsman-Galatian-Merchants / of / Oholiab /
|
/ F's / of / Ludim / of / Job / of / Head of the Two Ways / of / Chaldeans / of / Elam / of / The Sun /
|
/ Jediael / of / Jedidiah (Solomon #2 / of / Jedaiah -Copy 1 /
|
/ Josiah Reigns in Judah his mothers name was Jedidah the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath /
|
/ Jedidiah / of / Bathsheba the daughter of Eliam the son of Ahithophel of Gilo of / Golan /
|
/ Beth -/ Twin-Gazelles that Grazes among the Lilies /- Baal /
|
/ Jehoshaphat / Made A Marriage Alliance with / Ahab /
|
/ Bozkath / of / Shethar-Boz-enai / of / Who is ? of Bozrah / of [ Gibeah's Crime ]
|
/ 1) Lud of London of Abdon of Dibri of Britain of Debir of Eglon of England- Eglaim /
|
/ Esther's Uncle / Mordecai son of Jair, son of Shimei Son of Gera Brother of Bela /
|
/ Iberiah / of / Ge-rmany / Y-Eye-I / Ger-Mani-ic / of / Iberiah /
|
/ Drake / Son of Man / Mandrakes /
|
5)-Kartah-Qatar-Bahrain of Shimei Son of Gera Brother of Bela /
|
/ Tarshish-Spain of Philip of Britain-Britannia / of / Germain / of / Ukrain-Rosh / of / Bahrain /
|
/ 3) Spain-Tarshish / of / Madai-Maine-Magog / of / 4) Rushash-Ukraine-Rosh /
|
/ 2) Germain-Olive-Oil of Towns of Gerar /
|
/ Spain-/ Kar-tah / Ker-ioth / Kir-Qatar-Atar / Kor-ah / Kurd-ish /-Ukraine /
|
/ Jar of Carpenters - Bees of Bear / Tyrian / Oil / Craftsman / in the Carcass-Or-body of the lion, /
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphiah / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
/ Sickle / of / Carpenter Bees / of / Tyre / Y Eye I / Tiras / of / Craftsman / of / Hammer /
|
/ Korah's Rebellion / Moab Rebelled (Kir-hareseth) / Rebellion of Sheba /
|
/ Five Golden Tumors and Five Golden Mice /
|
/ Segub / of / Serug to Seraiah / of / Serpent / of / Bronze Serpent / of / Serug /
|
/ Pledges / Set Up In Secret / Oaths /
|
/ Azarel - Dan/Moab / of / The Leech / of / Lod and Ono / of / Zech-ariah / of Buk-ki son of Jogli /
|
/ Amalekite / Breeders of Antioch / Who ?-Has- / Massah / of / Aram son of Kemuel / of / Box /
|
/ Ptolema-ic / of / Publius / of / Syracuse,/ Sicily / of / Silesia / of / Cilicia / of / Seleu-cia /
|
/ Roman / Rome / Romah / Romia / Remaliah / Remaliah / Rumah / Ramah / Raamah / Raama /
|
/ Two Sons / of / Tou King of Hamath / of / Toah /
|
/ House of Obed-Edom / of / Syria is in League with Ephraim / of / House of Eli-Melech /
|
/ Bar-Riot / of / Amaw / of / Eri-trea /
|
/ Amalekites of Hur of Korahites / of / Ben-Jamin-nite / of / Sheba / of / Persians / of / Joktan /
|
/ Dan / Den / Din / Don / Dun /
|
/ Box / of / Certain- Men War of Beth-Shemesh / of / Gehazi / of / Areli / of / Felix /
|
/ Jehoiada son of / Eliashib / of / Pirates of the Caribean / of / The Rage of Sage of Hillel /
|
/ Beerothites / of / Beer-Sheba / of / Beer-lahai-roi / of / Baalath-Beer-Dan / of / Beeri /
|
/ Who is ? of Mordecai / of / Rabbi / Dayan / Judge / of / Who is ? of / Rabbah /
|
/ Seen City / Seven / Sin City - Pledges / Set Up In Secret / Oaths - Sinew / Ewe / Flesh / Bones /
|
/ The Drunk / of / The H-ash- Leaves / of / The Mandrake /
|
/ In The Field of Jaar/Jar /
|
/ Surely / Timber and Stones / of / Bdellium / Who ? / Cut - Corners /
|
/ Who ? / Cut - Corners / Also / Cut - Fabrics / and Paper(Timber) Money /
|
/ Cabul-ist / of / Philosopher / of / Ashteroth-Karnaim / of / Nebo-(Karnebo) / of / Z-ion-ism /
|
/ S-urel-i / are / Earls / of / Areli / Can Counts ? / P-earls / of / Kareah /
|
/ Who is ? of Jordan / of / Hashemite Kingdom / of / Who is ? of Raamah of Cush /
|
/ S-urel-i / P-earls / are / Earls / of / Areli / Can Counts ? / Ear / of / Corn / of / Persian- Gulf ?
|
/ Avvim / of / Royal / Royal Family / of / Edom /
|
/ Alemanna-ic / Brats of / Brit-annia / of / Anna / of / Ararat /
|
/ Ge-r-many / Y-Eye-I / Ger-Mani-ic /
|
/ Son of Man - Drake /
|
/ Gavinus / of / House of Steward / of / Keith Clan /
|
/ Corinthians / Then take -balances for weighing and divide the hair. / of / Thessalonian's /
|
/ Measure / Measure Line / Measuring Line / Plumb Line /
|
/ Humpty Dumpty / of / Anuki / of / Aztec -Incah--Micah / Hid Them Selves / Behind-America /
|
/ My People ? / Humpty Dumpty / Groan ? /
|
/ Greece / Who is ? / Salamis --Salome-Salma--Salmon-Salmone / Who is ? / Greece /
|
/ Message to Messengers -To Those Who Have ? an Ear / of / Seven Churches /
|
/ Those Who / Escaped / Exile / and / The Sack of Rome / Labored / In / Vain /
|
____________________________of____________________________
|
/ The Ancient / Books of / The Bible / and / The Book of Jashar /
|
/ The Books of Jubilees / of / Bab- / Beb- / Bib- / Bob- / Bub- / of / The Books of / Quran /
|
/ Nazareth / Na-zar-ene / Nazirite /
|
/ Korah's Rebellion / Moab Rebelled (Kir-har-ese-th) / Rebellion of Sheba /
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphiah / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
/ Cabul-ist / of / Philosophers / of / Ashteroth-Karnaim / of / Nebo-(Karnebo) / of / Z-ion-ism /
|
/ Bethlehem-ite / of / Hebron / of / The House of Shiloh / of / Ephrath-ite (that is Bethlehem)
|
/ House of Obed-Edom / of / Syria is in League with Ephraim / of / House of Eli-Melech /
|
/ Shelah / of / The Plain of the Valley / of / Jehoshaphat / and his Brother / Emim / of / Mamre /
|
/ Gen-eal-ogy of David / of / Jether and Jonathan / of / G-ene-al-og-y of Saul /
|
/ House of Israel / of / House of Is-ra-ael / of / Elders of Israel /
|
/ House of Jacob / of / House of Joseph / Ephraim / and / Asenath / and his Brother / Ben-jamin /
|
/ House of Saul / Royal House of Edom / House of Judah /
|
/ The Princes of Zadok -the priest / of Nobles who Arrived in G-ene-va of Munich are Eunuchs /
|
/ Pantheon / Eunuchs / of / Babylon / of / Thebes /
|
/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /
|
/ Tanners / of / S-ham / of / Ararat /
|
/ Who Captured the Ark ? /
|
/ Walked / Backwards /-is-/ Abel /-is-/ Babel /-is-/ Talked - Backwards /
|
/ Naked /
____________________________________________________________________
|1 |2 |3 |4 |5
/ Raise a Signal -Make a SignPost /- Blow and -Sound the Alarm /- and the Trumpets /
|
/ Oppose / and / Expose /
|
/ Japheth-/ Beth / of / Both of Them / of / Baal /-Shem /
|
/ Hellenist of Alexandria /
|
/ The House of Eli /
|
/ Philistines from Caphtor /--/ Phoenicians /--/ from / Syrians from Kir ? /
|
/ Pirates of the Caribean /
|
/ Abi-melech-Conspiracy" / Timber / and / Stones / of / "Gibeonite Desception" /
|
/ Their Elders /--Hanan--/ Head and Tail /
|
/ Called By Their Name /
|
/ Consp-ic-uous- / CIA / --/ Chi-/-iz-zi-/-ina /-- / Micah /-Cons-ola-tion /
|
/ The Levant /
|
/ Zochar /
|
/ Hasmon-ean / Ha-shem / of / Hasham/Chus-ham/Hushim / of the Zerahites /
|
/ Balak / of / Mt. Halak /-Is-/ Mt. Meron / of / Balaam /
|
/ The Kenites / of / The Oak of Moreh / of Elon /
|
/ Palti the son of Laish who was of Gallim / the city Dan / of Bashan /
|
/ Hazor -/ Beth-Rehob /- Golan /
|
/ Pantheon / Eunuchs / of / Babylon / of / Thebes /
|
____________________________of____________________________
/ The Ancient / Books of / The Bible / and / The Book of Jashar /
|
/ The Books of Jubilees / of / Bab- / Beb- / Bib- / Bob- / Bub- / of / The Books of / Quran /
|
/ Nazareth / Na-zar-ene / Nazirite /
|
/ Korah's Rebellion / Moab Rebelled (Kir-har-ese-th) / Rebellion of Sheba /
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphiah / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
|
/ Cabul-ist / of / Philosophers / of / Ashteroth-Karnaim / of / Nebo-(Karnebo) / of / Z-ion-ism /
|
/ Bethlehem-ite / of / Hebron / of / The House of Shiloh / of / Ephrath-ite (that is Bethlehem)
|
/ House of Obed-Edom / of / Syria is in League with Ephraim / of / House of Eli-Melech /
|
/ Shelah / of / The Plain of the Valley / of / Jehoshaphat / and his Brother / Emim / of / Mamre /
|
/ Gen-eal-ogy of David / of / Jether and Jonathan / of / G-ene-al-og-y of Saul /
|
/ House of Israel / of / House of Is-ra-ael / of / Elders of Israel /
|
/ House of Jacob / of / House of Joseph / Ephraim / and / Asenath / and his Brother / Ben-jamin /
|
/ House of Saul / Royal House of Edom / House of Judah /
|
/ The Princes of Zadok -the priest / of Nobles who Arrived in G-ene-va of Munich are Eunuchs /
|
/ Pantheon / Eunuchs / of / Babylon / of / Thebes /
|
/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /
|
/ Tanners / of / S-ham / of / Ararat /
|
/ Who Captured the Ark ? /
|
/ Walked / Backwards /-is-/ Abel /-is-/ Babel /-is-/ Talked - Backwards /
|
/ Naked /
|
__________of__________
|
/ Avvim / of / Royal / Royal Family / of / Edom /
|
_________of_________
|
[ The Lord's Day of Vengeance ]
_______________________________________________
/ Ach-iram / Mesh-ech / B-ic-h-ri / En-och / Sel-eu-uc-h-ia /
|
/ CIA / --/ Chi-/-iz-zi-/-ina /-- / Micah /
|
/ Sel-eu-cia / T-el-Aviv / R-EU-el / Sel-eu-uc-h-ia / Cush /
|
/ S-ham- / Ha-shem / He-llenis / Shom-er / Hi-llel- / Ho-bab / Hu-shim / Shu-math-ite /
|
/ Shimron is Shomron /
|
/ Pro-sel-ytes / Y Eye I / P-rose-l-ites /
|
/ Counselors /---/ Proconsul /---/ Council /
of
/ Esther / is / Hada-ss-ah / of / Mordec-ai /
|
/ Pharoah's Son-s and / Daughter / of / Babylon /
|
/ H-eg-ai, the king's eunuch / and / Daughter of His Uncle /
|
____________________of____________________
|
/ Sel-eu-cia / T-el-Aviv / R-EU-el / S-ele-uc-h-ia / Cush /
of
/ Jair / of / Kamon / and / Tola / Ptolem-aic /
|
/ Sama-ri-a -/ Joseph of Arimathea /- Bethelehem /
|
/ Ari /-bath / Jer-Eri-cho / Naz-Iri-te / M-ori-ah / Uri /
of
/ Hasmon-ean / Ha-shem / of / Hasham/Chusham/Hushim / of the Zerahites /
|
/ Timnath-Serah / of / Temeni / of / Timnah / of / Chushim / of / Teman / of / Tema / of / Jetur /
|
/ Eshtaolites / of / Eshtaol / of / Eshcol / of / Eshtemoa / of / Ashcol / of Kiriath-jearim /
of
/ Ta-nners / of / Te-man / of / Ti-mnath-Serah / of / To-biah / of / Tu-rnus /
|
/ Abel-mizraim / Kenath / Nobah / The Nobles / of / Nod / Nob / of / Elon / of / Eglaim /
|
/ Eunuchs / of / Ethiopian /
|
/ Bar-Riot / of / Amaw / of / Eri-trea /
_____________________________________
/ Fathers' House /---/ Judahite Wife /
|
/ Judah is like all the other nations /
|
________of________
|
/ Conspiracy /
|
/ Plain that is the Valley of Jericho /
|
/ Valley /---/ On the Hill /
|
/ Set up in Secret /
|
____________________of____________________
|
/ Z-ina /
|
/ Ki-nah / Adinah / Di-nah / Di-mon-ah / Jonah /
|
/ Debir / of / Hesh-bon /
|
/ Dibir / of / Ib- / -ir /
|
/ Irad / Arad / Iraq / Babylon /
of
/ Kinah, Dimonah, Adadah, /
|
/ Mauda / Moladah /
of
/ Kinah, Dimonah, Adadah, /
|
/ Mauda / Moladah /
|
________________of________________
|
/ Oswiris the King would Judge the people / Oswiris the son of Anom King of Egypt /
And
/ Rikayon Usurped as Pharaoh as King of Egypt /
Then
|
/ Magron son of the Pharaoh /
|
/ Joseph became King over Egypt /
|
/ "Meror King of Egypt" / and / Aparanith the Queen His Wife /
Their Son
/ The Pharaoh Adikam Called Ahuz /
|
/ Shishak King of Egypt / So King of Egypt / Neco King of Egypt / Hophra King of Egypt /
|
/ Called By Their Name /
|
___________________of___________________
|
/ Azarel / Dan / Gazell /
|
/ En-Dor / Dorcas / Tabitha /
|
/ Thyatira /
|
/ Leader of / Marauding Bandits /
|
/ So- The Band of Soldiers / Marauding Band /
|
/ So you shall purge the evil from your midst /
|
/ ISIS /
|
__________of__________
|
/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /
|
/ Dai- / Y-Eye-I / -ian /
|
/ Jahdai of Judaism /
|
/ Their Judges / of / Judges / of / Dan /
|
__________of__________
|
/ Cal-e-bite / Arbiter /
|
/ Their Elders /
|
/ Rabid / Poison / Wolf Spider weaves / Bat / Dog / Raccoon/Badger / Bees /
/ Serpent / Viper /
molecular analysis indicates a closer relationship between raccoons and bears.
|
/ Their Elders /
|
/ Rabid / Poison / Wolf Spider weaves / Bat / Dog / Raccoon/Badger / Bees /
/ Serpent / Viper /
molecular analysis indicates a closer relationship between raccoons and bears.
|
__________________of__________________
|
/ The Singer / of / The Eighteen of Siloam /
|
/ The Nobles / of / Aztec -Incah--Micah / Who / Hide Themselves /
|
/ Bezalel / of / Craftsman-Galatian-Merchants / of / Oholiab /
|
/ Dan / A Phoenican / Ship / Merchants / of / Argob of / Moab /
| |
/ A (Lion-Cub-Bear) who Leaps from Bashan /
|
/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
|
/ Micah and The Levite / A Levite and His Concubine / Micah and the Carved Image /
|
/ Woe to me, that I sojourn in Meshesh, that I dwell among the tents of Kedar!: House of Eli /
|
/ Book of Jubilees / of / Shelah of Eshcol and Aner of Mamre / of / The Books of / Quran /
|
/ Sh-ado-w - Gover-nor-ment / of / Sea-sons /
|
/ Chaldean / Aramean / Judeans / Haes-mone-an / Sabeans /
|
/ Consider / Who? / Entered House /
|
/ Five Golden Tumors and Five Golden Mice /
|
/ Consider / Who? / Take-Took Bribes and Perverted-Supervised - Justice-Justus /
|
/ Consider / Who? / Who ? / Entered / Who's ? / House /
|
__________________________________of___________________________________
|
/ Dan / Den / Din / Don / Dun /
|
/ Eagles / of / Knessets / of / Eagle of Saladin /
|
/ Who is ? of Mordecai / of / Rabbi / Dayan / Judge / of / Who is ? of / Rabbah /
|
/ Ichabod / of / Joseph's Divorce / of / Shelomi /
|
/ Ulai canal / Canals of Codex of Annals of Tus-cana-n / of / Chebar Canal /
|
/ The Three / of / Bear -Orion- Pleiades / of / Pashhur /
|
/ Lupirion / of / Leprechaun / of / Gilak /
____________________________________________________________________
| | |
________|_______
/ Rav / Rav (Heb. רב) is the Hebrew word for rabbi. For a more nuanced discussion see semicha. The term is also frequently used by Orthodox Jews to refer to one's own rabbi. Traditionally, a person obtains semicha ("rabbinic ordination") after the completion of an arduous learning program in the codes of Jewish law and responsa.
The most general form of semicha is Yore yore ("he shall teach"). Most Rabbis hold this qualification; they are sometimes called a moreh hora'ah ("a teacher of rulings"). A more advanced form of semicha is Yadin yadin ("he shall judge"). This enables the recipient to adjudicate cases of monetary law, amongst other responsibilities. Although the recipient can now be formally addressed as a dayan ("judge"), the vast majority retain the title rabbi. Only a small percentage of rabbis earn this ordination. Although not strictly necessary, many Orthodox rabbis hold that a beth din (court of Jewish law) should be made up of dayanim. |
/ A beth din /
[bet ˈdin] bet din, beit din or beis din (Hebrew: בית דין, "house of judgment"; plural battei din) is a rabbinical court of Judaism. In ancient times, it was the building block of the legal system in the Biblical Land of Israel. Today, it is invested with legal powers in a number of religious matters (din Torah, "matter of litigation," plural dinei Torah) both in Israel and in Jewish communities in the Diaspora, where its judgments hold varying degrees of authority (depending upon the jurisdiction and subject matter) in matters specifically related to Jewish religious life. |
________|_________
/ Sephardi / / The Chief Rabbinate / / Ashkenazi / of Israel consists of two Chief Rabbis: an Ashkenazi rabbi and a Sephardi rabbi, also known as the Rishon leZion. The Chief Rabbis are elected for 10 year terms. The present Sephardi Chief Rabbi is Yitzhak Yosef and the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi is David Lau, both of whom commenced their terms in 2013. |
_________|___________________________|____________________________|_________
/ The Priest of Nob /
|
/ Beware / Long Robes /
|
/ Men of Worship / War - Ship /
|
__________of__________
|
/ High Priest / Chief Rabbi /
|
/ Box / of / Certain- Men War of Beth-Shemesh / of / Gehazi / of / Areli / of / Felix /
|
______________of______________
|
/ The Scribes of Jabes / of / Mizpeh / Mizpah / of / Clans of Kirath-Jearim /
|
/ Two Sticks /
|
/ Two Thieves of Their Father's Houses had beat on the Door /
|
/ Dodo / Egg's / Who ? / Do The Math / of / Bela of Land of Zoar / That is Dinhabah /
|
/ Rogelim / of / Haggirites / of / Hegemony / of / Gera, that is Heglam / of / Eglaim /
|
/ The Bankers are Bakers-bread-Money / of / Leaven / of / Sadducees / of / Pharisees /
|
/ Dodo / Eg-gg's of Do-eg the Edomite / Who ? / Do The Math / of / Abi-Lot / of / Job /
|
/ Ag- / Eg-ypt / Ig- / Og- / Ug-ly /
|
/ West Bank-Kir ? /
|
/ Fortune -Tellers of Tel-Aviv /
|
/ RothChild /
______________________________
|
_____________________|____________________
/ Simeon / Judah / Reuben / 1/2 Manasseh / Gad / Benjamin / Levi /
|
/ Gaza / Hebron / Golan / Jericho / Bethany / Jerusalem /
The term is often used interchangeably with the term occupied territories, although this term is also applied to the Golan Heights, which is internationally recognized as part of Syria and not claimed by the Palestinians. The confusion stems from the fact that all these territories were captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War and are treated by the UN as territory occupied by Israel.
Other terms used to describe these areas collectively include "the disputed territories", and "Israeli-occupied territories". Further terms include "Palestine", "State of Palestine", "Yesha" (Judea-Samaria-Gaza), "Yosh" (Judea and Samaria), the "Katif Strip" (Gaza Strip), "Palestinian Autonomous Areas"[35] (although this term is also used to specifically refer to Area's A and B),[36] "Palestinian Administered Territories",[35] "administered territories", "territories of undetermined permanent status", "1967 territories", and simply "the territories".
Many Arab and Islamic leaders,[who?] including some Palestinians,[who?] use the designation "Palestine" and "occupied Palestine" to imply a Palestinian political or religious claim to sovereignty over the whole former territory of the British Mandate west of the Jordan River, including all of Israel.[37] Many[who?] of them view the land of Palestine as an IslamicWaqf (trust) for future Muslim generations. A parallel exists in the aspirations of David Ben-Gurion,[38] Menachem Begin,[39] and other Zionists and Jewish religious leaders[who?] to establish Jewish sovereignty over all of Greater Israel
in trust for the Jewish people.[40][41]
However, this dispute is not related to religion for many Arabs, but simply an issue of rights, as the land was inhabited by Arabs (as well as a minority of Jews) before the Zionist movement began.[42]
Many Israelis[who?] object to the term "Occupied Palestinian Territories" and similar descriptions because they maintain such designations disregard Israeli claims to the West Bank and Gaza, or prejudice negotiations involving possible border changes, arguing that the armistice line agreed to after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War was not intended as a permanent border. Dore Gold wrote, "It would be far more accurate to describe the West Bank and Gaza Strip as "disputed territories" to which both Israelis and Palestinians have claims."[43]
__________________________________________________
/ Asher / Naphtali / Manasseh / Issachar / Zebulun /
|
/ Bene-berak / Tel-Aviv / Bnei Brak / Dan / Hebrew /
(or Bene Beraq) (Hebrew: בְּנֵי בְרַק (help·info), Bəne βəraq) is a city located on Israel's central Mediterranean coastal plain, just east of Tel Aviv, in the Dan metropolitan region and Tel Aviv District. Bnei Brak is a center of Orthodox Judaism.
Bnei Brak covers an area of 709 hectares. According to figures of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the population was 154,400, with an annual growth rate of 1.7%.[2] In November 2012, the spokesman for Bnei Brak City Hall released numbers from the Ministry of Interior saying that on 27 September 2012, the population of the city stood at 176 556, making it the 10th largest city in Israel.[3] Bnei Brak is one of the poorest and most densely populated cities in Israel.[4]
/ Simeon / Judah / Reuben / 1/2 Manasseh / Gad / Benjamin / Levi /
|
/ Gaza / Hebron / Golan / Jericho / Bethany / Jerusalem /
The term is often used interchangeably with the term occupied territories, although this term is also applied to the Golan Heights, which is internationally recognized as part of Syria and not claimed by the Palestinians. The confusion stems from the fact that all these territories were captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War and are treated by the UN as territory occupied by Israel.
Other terms used to describe these areas collectively include "the disputed territories", and "Israeli-occupied territories". Further terms include "Palestine", "State of Palestine", "Yesha" (Judea-Samaria-Gaza), "Yosh" (Judea and Samaria), the "Katif Strip" (Gaza Strip), "Palestinian Autonomous Areas"[35] (although this term is also used to specifically refer to Area's A and B),[36] "Palestinian Administered Territories",[35] "administered territories", "territories of undetermined permanent status", "1967 territories", and simply "the territories".
Many Arab and Islamic leaders,[who?] including some Palestinians,[who?] use the designation "Palestine" and "occupied Palestine" to imply a Palestinian political or religious claim to sovereignty over the whole former territory of the British Mandate west of the Jordan River, including all of Israel.[37] Many[who?] of them view the land of Palestine as an IslamicWaqf (trust) for future Muslim generations. A parallel exists in the aspirations of David Ben-Gurion,[38] Menachem Begin,[39] and other Zionists and Jewish religious leaders[who?] to establish Jewish sovereignty over all of Greater Israel
in trust for the Jewish people.[40][41]
However, this dispute is not related to religion for many Arabs, but simply an issue of rights, as the land was inhabited by Arabs (as well as a minority of Jews) before the Zionist movement began.[42]
Many Israelis[who?] object to the term "Occupied Palestinian Territories" and similar descriptions because they maintain such designations disregard Israeli claims to the West Bank and Gaza, or prejudice negotiations involving possible border changes, arguing that the armistice line agreed to after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War was not intended as a permanent border. Dore Gold wrote, "It would be far more accurate to describe the West Bank and Gaza Strip as "disputed territories" to which both Israelis and Palestinians have claims."[43]
__________________________________________________
/ Asher / Naphtali / Manasseh / Issachar / Zebulun /
|
/ Bene-berak / Tel-Aviv / Bnei Brak / Dan / Hebrew /
(or Bene Beraq) (Hebrew: בְּנֵי בְרַק (help·info), Bəne βəraq) is a city located on Israel's central Mediterranean coastal plain, just east of Tel Aviv, in the Dan metropolitan region and Tel Aviv District. Bnei Brak is a center of Orthodox Judaism.
Bnei Brak covers an area of 709 hectares. According to figures of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the population was 154,400, with an annual growth rate of 1.7%.[2] In November 2012, the spokesman for Bnei Brak City Hall released numbers from the Ministry of Interior saying that on 27 September 2012, the population of the city stood at 176 556, making it the 10th largest city in Israel.[3] Bnei Brak is one of the poorest and most densely populated cities in Israel.[4]
____________________
/ Judges /
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/ Maacah / Abi- / Bee /
|
_________________________of_________________________
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/ Aba- / Abbeys / of / Abi-Lot / of / Abo-mina-nation / Abu- Dab / Dot / Abi- /
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/ Abu_Dhabi /
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/ House of Saud /
|
_________________of_________________
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/ En-ough / Rav- / Raven-ous / Wolf / of / Dogs /
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/ Raven-ous / of / Birds of Eagles / of / Saladin /
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/ Fox / In a / Box / of / Herod / of an / Ox /
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/ Ram's of Resen / of (Bear)= The Sow =(Pig) of / Beor's of Bela /
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/ Jacob's-Arbiters / of / Atar-roth / of / Addar / of / Adder / Egg's / of / Cub's of Jacob /
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/ Segub / of / Serug to Seraiah / of / Serpent / of / Bronze Serpent / of / Serug /
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/ Who ? / Can Count Toe's / So, Also Sons of the Sow, / Can Count ? in Feet /
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/ Dodo / Egg's / Who ? / Do The Math / of / Bela of Land of Zoar / That is Dinhabah /
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/ Dan / A Phoenican / Ship / Merchants / of / Argob of / Moab /
| |
/ A (Lion-Cub-Bear) who Leaps from Bashan /
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/ Dens / of / Cob-ra / Cub / Jacob /
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/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
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/ Nic-olia-tan-s / of / Hoopoe, and the Bat / of / Hathath / Hathach / Hatched /
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/ Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Knessets / of / The Eagle of Saladin /
|
/ Axe-Men / of Acts of Luke / of / Lukud of Likhi / Hatched / Under A Kamon /
______________|______________
The leech has two daughters : Give and Give.
Three things are never satisfied; four never say, “Enough”:
________________________ The leech has two daughters: Give and Give. Three things are never satisfied; four never say, “Enough”:
Proverbs 30:14-16 (in Context) Proverbs 30 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
/ Judges /
|
/ Maacah / Abi- / Bee /
|
_________________________of_________________________
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/ Aba- / Abbeys / of / Abi-Lot / of / Abo-mina-nation / Abu- Dab / Dot / Abi- /
|
/ Abu_Dhabi /
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/ House of Saud /
|
_________________of_________________
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/ En-ough / Rav- / Raven-ous / Wolf / of / Dogs /
|
/ Raven-ous / of / Birds of Eagles / of / Saladin /
|
/ Fox / In a / Box / of / Herod / of an / Ox /
|
/ Ram's of Resen / of (Bear)= The Sow =(Pig) of / Beor's of Bela /
|
/ Jacob's-Arbiters / of / Atar-roth / of / Addar / of / Adder / Egg's / of / Cub's of Jacob /
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/ Segub / of / Serug to Seraiah / of / Serpent / of / Bronze Serpent / of / Serug /
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/ Who ? / Can Count Toe's / So, Also Sons of the Sow, / Can Count ? in Feet /
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/ Dodo / Egg's / Who ? / Do The Math / of / Bela of Land of Zoar / That is Dinhabah /
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/ Dan / A Phoenican / Ship / Merchants / of / Argob of / Moab /
| |
/ A (Lion-Cub-Bear) who Leaps from Bashan /
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/ Dens / of / Cob-ra / Cub / Jacob /
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/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
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/ Nic-olia-tan-s / of / Hoopoe, and the Bat / of / Hathath / Hathach / Hatched /
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/ Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Knessets / of / The Eagle of Saladin /
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/ Axe-Men / of Acts of Luke / of / Lukud of Likhi / Hatched / Under A Kamon /
______________|______________
The leech has two daughters : Give and Give.
Three things are never satisfied; four never say, “Enough”:
________________________ The leech has two daughters: Give and Give. Three things are never satisfied; four never say, “Enough”:
Proverbs 30:14-16 (in Context) Proverbs 30 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
/ Gershom / Zionism / Scribes /
_____________________________
Seven Woes to the Scribes and Pharisees
Saying The Scribes and the Pharisee sit in Moses' seat:
______________________
Matthew 23:2
Saying The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat:
Matthew 23:1-3 (in Context) Matthew 23 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
_____________________________
Seven Woes to the Scribes and Pharisees
Saying The Scribes and the Pharisee sit in Moses' seat:
______________________
Matthew 23:2
Saying The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat:
Matthew 23:1-3 (in Context) Matthew 23 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
/ R-ave-n / Ravenous / Rav-ager / H-agar /
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/ Avi- /
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/ A B-Abi of London is Abbey / of Babylon /
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/ 1) Lud of London of Abdon of Dibri of Britain of Debir of Eglon of England- Eglaim /
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/ House of Eli /
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/ Ahimelech / Ahi- / Ahi-tub / Tub- / -al / Tubal-Cain / Tu-bal / Abi-tub / Abi- / Abi-melech /
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/ Sir / -are- / Lords / Rulers / Daites / and / Knights /
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/ Lyre / Y Eye I / L-ir-e / 's ? /
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/ Abbey Road / is the / Road to Emmaus /
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/ Abbey of / Tamar / of / Certain man- Hirah the Adull-ami-te / of / Kent /
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/ Amos / of Emmaus /
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/ Amos -/ To and Fro /- Emmaus /
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/ Azotus / Joppa / Damascus / Jericho /
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/ Road to Enaim / Road to Damascus / Road to Emmaus /
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/ Abbey Road /
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/ Rolling Stones / of / Amos / of / The Singers /
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/ Who is ? of Mordecai / of / Rabbi / Dayan / Judge / of / Who is ? of / Rabbah /
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/ Samaritans / of / ISIS - Uranus / Cross / Rhodes of / Blood of The Rooster / that Crows / Brow /
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/ Sham / Con-/ Coniah - Conaniah / of / Artisans / of / Aaron / of / Is-aa-c /
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/ Dog's of Knights of Philip's Hook of Gideon's Tach-Shackle-Box / of / Rogelim /
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/ Lupirion / of / Leprechaun / of / Gilak /
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/ Azarel - Dan/Moab / of / The Leech / of / Lod and Ono / of / Zech-ariah / of Buk-ki son of Jogli /
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/ Iberiah / of / Ge-rmany / Y-Eye-I / Ger-Mani-ic / of / Iberiah /
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/ Zech-ariah / of / Queens / of / Eli-sheba/Eli-za-beth / of / House of- Mary / of / John /
_______________________________
|
_________________________________
[ The Great-Prostitute and the Beast ]
|
/ Britannia and Kernania, the children of Elisha son of Javan /
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/ The Sect / of / Green Laurel Tree / of / Hand-ker-chief / Servant / of / Amorica / of / Kent /
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/ Kenites / of / Resen - Oak - Ninevah / of / Amorites /
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/ Queen / Bee / of / Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Head Covering / of / The Princes / of / Gog /
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/ Herodias / The wife of Philip and / his Brother / Archelaus son of Herod / of / Achilis/Greece /
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/ Philip and the / Ethiopian- Unic's / of / his Brother / Herod /
|
________________of________________
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/ Pirates of the Caribean /
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/ The Belly in- Whale - the Fat Ones of Eli /
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/ The Stork of York of Pitch Fork(Trident) / of / Wielded His Spear /
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/ Cob-ra / Cub / Jacob /
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/ Elisheba / Elizabeth / Anna / Mary / Mag-dal-ene / Mary / Miriam /
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/ The Other Mary /
|
_____________of_____________
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/ The Priest / of / Job 's Friends / Kenites / Oak / Amorites / of / A-big-dor / Nob / of / Jetur /
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/ Job /
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I am a brother=(Companion) of jackals and a companion=(Brother) of ostriches.
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/ Thomas / of / Samothrace / the Twin / of / Job /
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/ Dum-Pt / Ty / of Dung - Gates of Bela of Dumb (John)Jack-Ass-Donkey of Balaam's Error /
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/ Dodo / Eg-gg's of Do-eg the Edomite /
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/ Dodo / Egg's / Who ? / Do The Math / of / Bela of Land of Zoar / That is Dinhabah /
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/ Phicol / of / Abi-anu-s / King Chittim / of / Kiki-anu-s / of / Shittim /
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/ Ana-h / J-Ane-as / Ani- / Ano- / Anu-ki / of / Ena- / Ene- / Eni- / Eno- / Enu- /
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/ J-aphia king of Lachish /
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/ Aph- / Eph-/ -Iph / -Oph / -Uph / of / Humpty Dumpty / of / Pha- / Phe- / Phi- / Pho- / Phu- /
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/ Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Knessets / of / The Eagle of Saladin /
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________________________of________________________
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/ Philip and the / Ethiopian- Unic's / of / his Brother / Herod /
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/ Hashem the Gizonite /
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/ The Hasmonean Dynasty of / Maacah / Maccabees / Bees / of / Alphaeus / of / Janiah /
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/ Rich -Magicians- Nobles /
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/ Craftsman / Galatians / Merchants /
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/ Philip / of / Sons of Hinnom / and the / Ethiopian- Unic's /
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/ The Crown and the Temple /
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/ Kenites / Oak / Amorites /
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/ The Emim in Shaveh-Kiriathaim - in the Valley /
|
/ Abi-Lot /
______________________________________
/ Judgment / Rabbi / Dayan / Judge / Judges / Their Judges /
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/ Feather of Hen's of Og / of / Knessets / of / The Eagle of Saladin /
|
/ Ban / Ib-ben / Ben / Bin / Bon / Jew-ish-Bund-les /
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/ Job's SwiSS / Cheese / of / Kurd-ish / of / Goats / of / Azazel / of / Az-areli /
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/ Greece / Who is ? / Salamis --Salome-Salma--Salmon-Salmone / Who is ? / Greece /
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/ Of Accad / Ur of Chaldeans / Ur- of Syrians from Kir ? / of Kish /
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/ 5)-Kartah-Qatar-Atar /-Bahrain /
|
[ Woe to Those at Ease at Zion ]
|
/ Cabul-ist / of / Philosopher / of / Ashteroth-Karnaim / of / Nebo-(Karnebo) / of / Z-ion-ism /
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/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphiah / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
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/ Abinoam -/ Naomi /-Ahinoam / of / Jezreel The Wife / of / Saul and David / in Hebron: /
|
/ Who is ? of The Owl / Is the seed yet in the barn? / Who is ? of The Couch /_____________________________________________________
| |
/ Philip The Leprechaun / |
/ The Rabbi / Leprechaun / |
______|_______
Smith and Ravager / Rav / ____________________ The Eternal Covenant of Peace Behold, I have created the smith | Who blows the fire of coals and produces a weapon for its purpose. | I have also created the ravager to destroy; ____________________________ Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals and produces a weapon for its purpose. I have also created the ravager to destroy; Isaiah 54:15-17 (in Context) Isaiah 54 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations |
/ Abdullah / Bin / Sal-ic /
|
___|________________________________________|___
/ Sir / -are- / Lords / Rulers / Daites / and / Knights /
|
/ Lyre / Y Eye I / L-ir-e / 's ? /
|
/ Jacob in Latin / Who is ? / Achlis-/-Greece / Who is ? / Hebrew /
|
/ Herodias / The wife of Philip and / his Brother / Archelaus son of Herod / of / Achilis/Greece /
|
/ Jehoshaphat / Made A Marriage Alliance with / Ahab /
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/ I Found-/ The Missing Ly-nx / A Leopard Is the Kat in the Hat / Head Covering /
|
/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
|
/ Philip and the / Ethiopian- Unic's / of / his Brother / Herod /
|
/ Emim / of / Mamre / of / The Plain of the Valley / of / Jehoshaphat / and his Brother / Shelah /
|
[ The Valley of Slaughter ]
“For the sons of Judah have done evil in my sight,
declares the Lord.
They have set their detestable things in the house that is called by my name,
to defile it.
____________________________
Jeremiah 7:30
[ The Valley of Slaughter ] “For the sons of Judah have done evil in my sight, declares the Lord. They have set their detestable things in the house that is called by my name, to defile it.
In Context | Full Chapter | Other Translations
/ Sir / -are- / Lords / Rulers / Daites / and / Knights /
|
/ Lyre / Y Eye I / L-ir-e / 's ? /
|
/ Jacob in Latin / Who is ? / Achlis-/-Greece / Who is ? / Hebrew /
|
/ Herodias / The wife of Philip and / his Brother / Archelaus son of Herod / of / Achilis/Greece /
|
/ Jehoshaphat / Made A Marriage Alliance with / Ahab /
|
/ I Found-/ The Missing Ly-nx / A Leopard Is the Kat in the Hat / Head Covering /
|
/ In those Days / Dan / Who Leaps ? / A Leopard / of / Barzillai the Gileadite / of / Bashan /
|
/ Philip and the / Ethiopian- Unic's / of / his Brother / Herod /
|
/ Emim / of / Mamre / of / The Plain of the Valley / of / Jehoshaphat / and his Brother / Shelah /
|
[ The Valley of Slaughter ]
“For the sons of Judah have done evil in my sight,
declares the Lord.
They have set their detestable things in the house that is called by my name,
to defile it.
____________________________
Jeremiah 7:30
[ The Valley of Slaughter ] “For the sons of Judah have done evil in my sight, declares the Lord. They have set their detestable things in the house that is called by my name, to defile it.
In Context | Full Chapter | Other Translations
___________________________
/ Gen-eal-ogy of David / of / Jether and Jonathan / of / Gen-eal-ogy of Saul /
|
/ Abigal / Abigail / Abihail /
|
/ Chaldean / Aramean / Judeans / Haes-mone-an / Sabeans /
|
/ House of Obed-Edom / of / Syria is in League with Ephraim / of / House of Eli-Melech /
|
/ Sumer-That is Summer Fruit) /
|
/ Bash-Ash-Har /
|
/ Al-/ Asa /-Sad /
|
/ Asaph / of / Hanun the sixth son of Zalaph / of / Saph /
|
/ Hanun son of Nahash /
|
/ Hazzelelponi /
|
_____________________________of_____________________________
|
/ Mallothi / of / David Organizes the Musicians / of / Divisions of the GateKeeper /
|
/ Box / of / The Singers / of / Gatekeepers / of / The Eighteen of Siloam /
|
/ Box / of / Certain- Men War of Beth-Shemesh / of / Gehazi / of / Areli / of / Felix /
|
/ Zeal of Phinahas / of / Seven Seals / of / Simon the Zealot /
|
___________________of___________________
|
/ EU-ropes /
|
/ Head Covering /
|
/ The Poles / and / The Ropes / of the Ark of / Polish Politics / of / Potiphar /
|
/ Great Ones / of / Assyria / Y-Eye-I / Assir / of / Pas-dammim /
|
/ Aba- / Abbeys / of / Abi-Lot / of / Abo-mina-nation / C-Abu-l / Dab / Dot / Abi- /
|
/ Bee - Koz / Carites / of / Ger-man-ic / of / Hiel - Hitler / of / Ado-lf - Hitler / of / Jericho /
|
/ Germany / Y-Eye-I / Ger-Mani-ic /
|
/ Carites / of / Aram-Balak / of / Tartan's /
|
/ The Tur-Kish - Key of / lord - Chamberlain / of / A-big-dor / Nob / of / Abi-Lot / of / Jetur /
|
/ Dodo / Eg-gg's of Do-eg the Edomite / Who ? / Do The Math / of / Job /
|
/ Bee - Koz / The Priest of / A-big-Dor / Nob / of / Abi-Lot / of / US / Treasuries / Chest / Box /
|
/ Heirs and Destructive Heresies /
|
/ Message to Messengers -To Those Who Have ? an Ear / of / Seven Churches /
|
[ Woe to Those at Ease at Zion ]
|
/ Impending Disaster for Jerusalem /
|
/ Cl-iff / Cal-ali-iph / -iph /
|
/ Hal- / Hel- / Hil- / Hol- / Hul- /
|
/ Cliff / Mountain -Top / Hill / The Hill -Tops / Peak /
|
/ On The Hill of Moreh /
|
/ Hill Country of Ephraim / of / Hill Country East / Hill Country / of / Gad /
|
/ Hillel / Shillem / Meshillemith / Meshillemoth / Azubah / Shilhim / Shilhim / Shil-hi /
|
/ Hirah / Hiram / Shil-hi / Shilshah / -shah / Shiloh /
|
/ Shiloh / Shil-o-nite / Shiloh /
|
_____________of_____________
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphiah / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
_____________________________________________
Give Ear to My Voice A Psalm of David.
When their judges are thrown over the cliff, then they shall hear my words, for they are pleasant.
__________________________________________________________
/ Gen-eal-ogy of David / of / Jether and Jonathan / of / Gen-eal-ogy of Saul /
|
/ Abigal / Abigail / Abihail /
|
/ Chaldean / Aramean / Judeans / Haes-mone-an / Sabeans /
|
/ House of Obed-Edom / of / Syria is in League with Ephraim / of / House of Eli-Melech /
|
/ Sumer-That is Summer Fruit) /
|
/ Bash-Ash-Har /
|
/ Al-/ Asa /-Sad /
|
/ Asaph / of / Hanun the sixth son of Zalaph / of / Saph /
|
/ Hanun son of Nahash /
|
/ Hazzelelponi /
|
_____________________________of_____________________________
|
/ Mallothi / of / David Organizes the Musicians / of / Divisions of the GateKeeper /
|
/ Box / of / The Singers / of / Gatekeepers / of / The Eighteen of Siloam /
|
/ Box / of / Certain- Men War of Beth-Shemesh / of / Gehazi / of / Areli / of / Felix /
|
/ Zeal of Phinahas / of / Seven Seals / of / Simon the Zealot /
|
___________________of___________________
|
/ EU-ropes /
|
/ Head Covering /
|
/ The Poles / and / The Ropes / of the Ark of / Polish Politics / of / Potiphar /
|
/ Great Ones / of / Assyria / Y-Eye-I / Assir / of / Pas-dammim /
|
/ Aba- / Abbeys / of / Abi-Lot / of / Abo-mina-nation / C-Abu-l / Dab / Dot / Abi- /
|
/ Bee - Koz / Carites / of / Ger-man-ic / of / Hiel - Hitler / of / Ado-lf - Hitler / of / Jericho /
|
/ Germany / Y-Eye-I / Ger-Mani-ic /
|
/ Carites / of / Aram-Balak / of / Tartan's /
|
/ The Tur-Kish - Key of / lord - Chamberlain / of / A-big-dor / Nob / of / Abi-Lot / of / Jetur /
|
/ Dodo / Eg-gg's of Do-eg the Edomite / Who ? / Do The Math / of / Job /
|
/ Bee - Koz / The Priest of / A-big-Dor / Nob / of / Abi-Lot / of / US / Treasuries / Chest / Box /
|
/ Heirs and Destructive Heresies /
|
/ Message to Messengers -To Those Who Have ? an Ear / of / Seven Churches /
|
[ Woe to Those at Ease at Zion ]
|
/ Impending Disaster for Jerusalem /
|
/ Cl-iff / Cal-ali-iph / -iph /
|
/ Hal- / Hel- / Hil- / Hol- / Hul- /
|
/ Cliff / Mountain -Top / Hill / The Hill -Tops / Peak /
|
/ On The Hill of Moreh /
|
/ Hill Country of Ephraim / of / Hill Country East / Hill Country / of / Gad /
|
/ Hillel / Shillem / Meshillemith / Meshillemoth / Azubah / Shilhim / Shilhim / Shil-hi /
|
/ Hirah / Hiram / Shil-hi / Shilshah / -shah / Shiloh /
|
/ Shiloh / Shil-o-nite / Shiloh /
|
_____________of_____________
|
/ Laban-ese / Phoen-ic-CIA / Crypto Jew-ish / MAphiah / Mob-lord-Cartel-Nob /
_____________________________________________
Give Ear to My Voice A Psalm of David.
When their judges are thrown over the cliff, then they shall hear my words, for they are pleasant.
__________________________________________________________
When their judges are thrown over the cliff, then they shall hear my words, for they are pleasant.
Psalm 141:5-7 (in Context) Psalm 141 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
Psalm 141:5-7 (in Context) Psalm 141 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
________________________
O God, Do Not Keep Silence
A Song. A Psalm of Asaph.
83 O God, do not keep silence;
do not hold your peace or be still, O God!
2 For behold,
your enemies make an uproar;
those who hate you have raised their heads.
3 They lay crafty plans against your people;
they consult together against your treasured ones.
4 They say,
“Come, let us wipe them out as a nation;
let the name of Israel be remembered no more!”
5 For they conspire with one accord;
against you they make a covenant--
the tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites, Moab and the Hagrites,
7 Gebal and Ammon and Amalek,
Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre;
8 Asshur also has joined them;
they are the strong arm of the children of Lot.
_______________________________
Psalm 83:6
| | |
O God, Do Not Keep Silence
A Song. A Psalm of Asaph.
83 O God, do not keep silence;
do not hold your peace or be still, O God!
2 For behold,
your enemies make an uproar;
those who hate you have raised their heads.
3 They lay crafty plans against your people;
they consult together against your treasured ones.
4 They say,
“Come, let us wipe them out as a nation;
let the name of Israel be remembered no more!”
5 For they conspire with one accord;
against you they make a covenant--
the tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites, Moab and the Hagrites,
7 Gebal and Ammon and Amalek,
Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre;
8 Asshur also has joined them;
they are the strong arm of the children of Lot.
_______________________________
Psalm 83:6
- the tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites, Moab and the Hagrites,
Psalm 83:5-7 (in Context) Psalm 83 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
| | |
/ Who is ? of Mordecai / of / Rabbi / Dayan / Judge / of / Who is ? of / Rabbah /
_______________________________________________________________________
| | |
/ Benjamin Netanyahu /
| / Heman / of / Hemam / | / "Strong Man" / Heman / | / Descendant of Reuben / | / Ben-Jamin-nite / |
/ Z-eli-cah /
|
____|_____________________________|___________________________|______
/ Philip and Bartholomew son of Matthias /
|
/ Philip and / Nathanael / son of Matthais /
and
/ Thomas the Twin /
|
/ Philip and Thomas, / Philip and Bartholomew/Nathanael; Thomas / Philip, and Bartholomew, /
/ Philip and Bartholomew son of Matthias /
|
/ Philip and / Nathanael / son of Matthais /
and
/ Thomas the Twin /
|
/ Philip and Thomas, / Philip and Bartholomew/Nathanael; Thomas / Philip, and Bartholomew, /
_______________________________
[ The Great-Prostitute and the Beast ]
|
/ Ar-abi-ah /
|
/ Ar / abia / -iah /
|
/ Rah-ab / A-rabah / Rabbah /
|
/ Kartah / Qatar- / Arabah / Atar / and Bahurim /
|
/ 5)-Kartah /-Qatar- Atar / of / Bahrain /
|
[ The Great-Prostitute and the Beast ]
|
/ Ezr-Ahi-te /
|
/ A-rab-ah / Ko-rah / Rah-ab / Ez-rah /
|
/ Rah-ab / A-ra-bah / Rab-bah / of Bahurim /
|
/ Korahite / Zo-rah / Judahite wife /
|
/ Becorath / Bec-orath / Ast-orath / K-orathites / Z-orathites / Uzzia the Ashterathite /
|
/ Hor / of Bozrah /
|
/ B-abi-lon /
|
/ Rabbi /
|
/ Arama-ic /
|
/ The Priest is Ar-abi-c /
|
/ Menon to Matzlodin of Zeboyim / Look - Likeness - What Do You See ? / of / Keilah /
|
/ Their Elders /--/ Han-Anuki-KKK-Kah- Suit /--/ Head and Tail /
________________________________________________________________________
| | |
_____|__________________________|____________________________|___
/ Zohar /
Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935) was the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandatory Palestine, the founder of Yeshiva Mercaz HaRav Kook (The Central Yeshiva For The Masses), Jewish thinker, Halachist, Kabbalist and a renowned Torah scholar. He is known in Hebrew as הרב אברהם יצחק הכהן קוק HaRav Avraham Yitzchak HaCohen Kook, and by the acronym הראיה (HaRaAYaH), or simply as "HaRav." He was one of the most celebrated and influential rabbis of the 20th century.[citation needed]
______________________________________________
/ Calah /
|
/ Jeshua / Yeshiva / Shi-a / Sheba / Adar / Succoth /
History[edit]Origins[edit]
The Mishnah tractate Megillah mentions the law that a town can only be called a "city" if it supports ten men (batlanim) to make up the required quorum for communal prayers. Likewise, every beth din ("house of judgement") was attended by a number of pupils up to three times the size of the court
(Mishnah, tractate Sanhedrin). These might be indications of the historicity of the classical yeshiva.
As indicated by the Talmud,[7] adults generally took off two months a year, Elul and Adar, the months preceding the pilgrimage festivals of Sukkot and Pesach, called Yarchei Kalla (Aramaic for "Months of Kallah") to study. The rest of the year they worked.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
/ Zohar /
Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935) was the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandatory Palestine, the founder of Yeshiva Mercaz HaRav Kook (The Central Yeshiva For The Masses), Jewish thinker, Halachist, Kabbalist and a renowned Torah scholar. He is known in Hebrew as הרב אברהם יצחק הכהן קוק HaRav Avraham Yitzchak HaCohen Kook, and by the acronym הראיה (HaRaAYaH), or simply as "HaRav." He was one of the most celebrated and influential rabbis of the 20th century.[citation needed]
______________________________________________
/ Calah /
|
/ Jeshua / Yeshiva / Shi-a / Sheba / Adar / Succoth /
History[edit]Origins[edit]
The Mishnah tractate Megillah mentions the law that a town can only be called a "city" if it supports ten men (batlanim) to make up the required quorum for communal prayers. Likewise, every beth din ("house of judgement") was attended by a number of pupils up to three times the size of the court
(Mishnah, tractate Sanhedrin). These might be indications of the historicity of the classical yeshiva.
As indicated by the Talmud,[7] adults generally took off two months a year, Elul and Adar, the months preceding the pilgrimage festivals of Sukkot and Pesach, called Yarchei Kalla (Aramaic for "Months of Kallah") to study. The rest of the year they worked.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
_____|________________________________________|____
/ Thomas the Twin /
|
/ Ayatollah / Hamas or Hezbollah / Hezion / Sons of Immer /
of
/ Mari /
|
/ The Hasmonean Dynasty of / Maacah / Maccabees / Bees / of / Alphaeus / of / Janiah /
|
/ Rich -Magicians- Nobles /
|
/ Craftsman / Galatians / Merchants /
|
/ Philip / of / Sons of Hinnom / and the / Ethiopian- Unic's /
|
/ The Crown and the Temple /
|
/ Kenites / Oak / Amorites /
|
/ The Emim in Shaveh-Kiriathaim - in the Valley /
|
/ Abi-Lot /
|
/ Othri and id-iot / Hurried His Words / of / Ono and Lod of Dan /
|
/ Bar-Riot / of / Ben-Jamin-nite, / of / Shechem /
|
/ Hurro-Urartian /
_______________________________________________
Jamal ad-Din Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn Muthahhar al-Hilli (Arabic: جمال الدين الحسن بن يوسف الحلي), also known as al-Allamah al-Hilli (Arabic: العلامة الحلي, "the sage from Hilla"),[1] born December 15, 1250 CE (19 Ramadan 648 AH), died December 18, 1325, was a Twelver Shia theologian and mujtahid. Known as a Marja' (Grand Ayatollah), he was one of the well known Shia scholars of his time. His full name is Jamal al-Din Abu Mansur Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn Mutahhar al-Hilli. We know of at least one hundred books written by him, some of which are still in the form of manuscripts.[citation needed]
Muhammad bin Al-Hassan al Hurr Al- Amili in his work Amal al Amil, p. 40, enumerated no less than 67 works of this learned author.[2]
___________________________________________
/ Ayatollah / Hillel / Gamaliel / of Babylon /
Hillel was born in Babylon and, according to the Iggeret of Rav Sherira Gaon (a comprehensive history of the composition of the Talmud from the 10th century), Hillel descended from the Tribe of Benjamin on his father's side, and from the family of David on his mother's side.[9] Nothing definite, however, is known concerning his origin, nor is he anywhere called by his father's name, which may have been Gamliel.[citation needed]
__________________
/ Their Elders /
|
/ Grand Ayatollah /
|
/ Ai- / Y-Eye-I / to Ay / Tola / -lah /
|
/ Anatolia Cities /
|
/ Choran /---/ Islam /
Marjaʿ (Arabic: مرجع) (Plural: marājiʿ), also known as a marjaʿ taqlīdī or marjaʿ dīnī (Arabic : مرجع تقليدي / مرجع ديني), literally means "Source to Imitate/Follow" or "Religious Reference". It is the label provided to Shia authority, a Grand Ayatollah with the authority to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and less-credentialed clerics. After the Qur'an and the Prophets and Imams, marājiʿ are the_ highest authority on religious laws in Usuli Shia Islam.
/ Thomas the Twin /
|
/ Ayatollah / Hamas or Hezbollah / Hezion / Sons of Immer /
of
/ Mari /
|
/ The Hasmonean Dynasty of / Maacah / Maccabees / Bees / of / Alphaeus / of / Janiah /
|
/ Rich -Magicians- Nobles /
|
/ Craftsman / Galatians / Merchants /
|
/ Philip / of / Sons of Hinnom / and the / Ethiopian- Unic's /
|
/ The Crown and the Temple /
|
/ Kenites / Oak / Amorites /
|
/ The Emim in Shaveh-Kiriathaim - in the Valley /
|
/ Abi-Lot /
|
/ Othri and id-iot / Hurried His Words / of / Ono and Lod of Dan /
|
/ Bar-Riot / of / Ben-Jamin-nite, / of / Shechem /
|
/ Hurro-Urartian /
_______________________________________________
Jamal ad-Din Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn Muthahhar al-Hilli (Arabic: جمال الدين الحسن بن يوسف الحلي), also known as al-Allamah al-Hilli (Arabic: العلامة الحلي, "the sage from Hilla"),[1] born December 15, 1250 CE (19 Ramadan 648 AH), died December 18, 1325, was a Twelver Shia theologian and mujtahid. Known as a Marja' (Grand Ayatollah), he was one of the well known Shia scholars of his time. His full name is Jamal al-Din Abu Mansur Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn Mutahhar al-Hilli. We know of at least one hundred books written by him, some of which are still in the form of manuscripts.[citation needed]
Muhammad bin Al-Hassan al Hurr Al- Amili in his work Amal al Amil, p. 40, enumerated no less than 67 works of this learned author.[2]
___________________________________________
/ Ayatollah / Hillel / Gamaliel / of Babylon /
Hillel was born in Babylon and, according to the Iggeret of Rav Sherira Gaon (a comprehensive history of the composition of the Talmud from the 10th century), Hillel descended from the Tribe of Benjamin on his father's side, and from the family of David on his mother's side.[9] Nothing definite, however, is known concerning his origin, nor is he anywhere called by his father's name, which may have been Gamliel.[citation needed]
__________________
/ Their Elders /
|
/ Grand Ayatollah /
|
/ Ai- / Y-Eye-I / to Ay / Tola / -lah /
|
/ Anatolia Cities /
|
/ Choran /---/ Islam /
Marjaʿ (Arabic: مرجع) (Plural: marājiʿ), also known as a marjaʿ taqlīdī or marjaʿ dīnī (Arabic : مرجع تقليدي / مرجع ديني), literally means "Source to Imitate/Follow" or "Religious Reference". It is the label provided to Shia authority, a Grand Ayatollah with the authority to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and less-credentialed clerics. After the Qur'an and the Prophets and Imams, marājiʿ are the_ highest authority on religious laws in Usuli Shia Islam.
_______________________
For to Us a Child Is Born
______________________
For to Us a Child Is Born
______________________
- Isaiah 9:1
[ For to Us a Child Is Born ] But there will be no gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the latter time he has made glorious the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.
Isaiah 9:1-3 (in Context) Isaiah 9 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
_________________________________________________________
/ Arimathea / Very Good ? / The Cross /
|
/ Rabbi / Dayan / Judge /
|
/ Ptolema-ic / of / Publius / of / Syracuse,/ Sicily / of / Silesia / of / Cilicia / of / Seleu-cia /
|
/ Cyrene / Y Eye I / C-ir-ene /
|
/ Emmanuel / Reformation / of / 9:11 / of / Edict / of / Wormwood /
|
/ They Will /
____________________________________________
Jesus Appears to Mary -Magdalene
Jesus said to her, “Mary.” She turned and said to him in Aramaic,
“Rabboni!”
(which means Teacher).
____________________________________ Jesus said to her, “Mary.” She turned and said to him in Aramaic, “Rabboni!” (which means Teacher).
John 20:15-17 (in Context) John 20 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
Jesus Appears to Mary -Magdalene
Jesus said to her, “Mary.” She turned and said to him in Aramaic,
“Rabboni!”
(which means Teacher).
____________________________________ Jesus said to her, “Mary.” She turned and said to him in Aramaic, “Rabboni!” (which means Teacher).
John 20:15-17 (in Context) John 20 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
______________________________________
1 Jude,
a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James,
To those who are called, beloved in God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ:
2 May mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.
_____________________________
Judgment on False Teachers
3 Beloved, although I was very eager to write to you about our common salvation,
I found it necessary to write appealing to you to contend for the faith
that was once for all delivered to the saints.
4 For certain people have crept in unnoticed who long ago were designated for this condemnation, ungodly people,
who pervert the grace of our God into sensuality
and
deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.
5 Now I want to remind you, although you once fully knew it, that Jesus, who saved a people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who did not believe. 6 And the angels who did not stay within their own position of authority, but left their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness until the judgment of the great day—
7 just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire,
serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire.
8 Yet in like manner these people also, relying on their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and
blaspheme the glorious ones.
9 But when the archangel Michael, contending with the devil, was disputing about the body of Moses, he did not presume to pronounce a blasphemous judgment,
but said,
“The Lord rebuke you.”
10 But these people blaspheme all that they do not understand,
and
they are destroyed by all that they, like unreasoning animals, understand instinctively.
11 Woe to them! For they walked in the way of Cain
and
abandoned themselves for the sake of gain to Balaam's error
and
perished in Korah's rebellion.
_________________________________
1 Jude,
a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James,
To those who are called, beloved in God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ:
2 May mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.
_____________________________
Judgment on False Teachers
3 Beloved, although I was very eager to write to you about our common salvation,
I found it necessary to write appealing to you to contend for the faith
that was once for all delivered to the saints.
4 For certain people have crept in unnoticed who long ago were designated for this condemnation, ungodly people,
who pervert the grace of our God into sensuality
and
deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.
5 Now I want to remind you, although you once fully knew it, that Jesus, who saved a people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who did not believe. 6 And the angels who did not stay within their own position of authority, but left their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness until the judgment of the great day—
7 just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire,
serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire.
8 Yet in like manner these people also, relying on their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and
blaspheme the glorious ones.
9 But when the archangel Michael, contending with the devil, was disputing about the body of Moses, he did not presume to pronounce a blasphemous judgment,
but said,
“The Lord rebuke you.”
10 But these people blaspheme all that they do not understand,
and
they are destroyed by all that they, like unreasoning animals, understand instinctively.
11 Woe to them! For they walked in the way of Cain
and
abandoned themselves for the sake of gain to Balaam's error
and
perished in Korah's rebellion.
_________________________________
- Jude 1:11
Woe to them! For they walked in the way of Cain and abandoned themselves for the sake of gain to Balaam's error and perished in Korah's rebellion.
Jude 1:10-12 (in Context) Jude 1 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
________
/ Rabbi / Hebrew /
_________________
Rabbi
Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, a leading Rabbinical authority for Orthodox Jewry of the second half of the twentieth century. Part of a series of articles on Jews and Judaism Who is a Jew? · Etymology · Culture Religion[hide] God in Judaism (Names)
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Jewish left · Jewish right In Judaism, a rabbi ( /ˈræbaɪ/) is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word רבי rabi [ˈʁäbi], meaning "My Master" (irregular plural רבנים rabanim [ʁäbäˈnim]), which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. This word "master" רב rav [ˈʁäv] literally means "great one" or one who is "abundant/much/many".
The basic form of the rabbi developed in the Pharisaic and Talmudic era, when learned teachers assembled to codify Judaism's written and oral laws. In more recent centuries, the duties of the rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the Protestant Christian minister, hence the title "pulpit rabbis", and in 19th century Germany and the United States rabbinic activities including sermons, pastoral counseling, and representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance.
Within the various Jewish denominations there are different requirements for rabbinic ordination, and differences in opinion regarding who is to be recognized as a rabbi. All types of Judaism except for Orthodox Judaism ordain women as rabbis and cantors [1] [2].
Contents [hide]
Rabbi is not an occupation found in the Torah (i.e. the Pentateuch) and ancient generations did not employ related titles such as Rabban, Ribbi, or Rab to describe either the Babylonian sages or the sages in Israel.[4] The titles "Rabban" and "Rabbi" are first mentioned in the Mishnah (c. 200 CE). The term was first used for Rabban Gamaliel the elder, Rabban Simeon his son, and Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai, all of whom were patriarchs or presidents of the Sanhedrin.[5] A Greek transliteration of the word ῥαββί hrab-bee' is found in the books of Matthew, Mark and John in the New Testament, where it is used in reference to "Scribes and Pharisees" as well as to Jesus.[6]
[edit] Pronunciation Sephardic and Yemenite Jews pronounce this word רִבִּי ribbī ; the modern Israeli pronunciation רַבִּי rabi is derived from an 18th century innovation in Ashkenazic prayer books, although this vocalization is also found in some ancient sources. Other variants are rəvī and, in Yiddish, rebbə. The word could be compared to the Syriac word ܪܒܝ rabi.
In ancient Hebrew, rabbi was a proper term of address while speaking to a superior, in the second person, similar to a vocative case. While speaking about a superior, in the third person one could say ha-rav ("the Master") or rabbo ("his Master"). Later, the term evolved into a formal title for members of the Patriarchate. Thus, the title gained an irregular plural form: רַבָּנִים rabbanim ("rabbis"), and not רַבָּי rabbay ("my Masters").
[edit] Honor There is a mitzvah to stand up for a Rabbi or Torah Scholar when they enter one's presence.[7] However, if one is more learned than the Rabbi there is no need to stand. One must also stand for the spouse of a Rabbi or Torah Scholar and address them with the utmost respect.[8] In many places today and throughout history, Rabbis and Torah Scholars had the power to place individuals who insulted them in excommunication.[9] Kohanim, like everyone else, are required to honor Rabbis and Torah Scholars.
The definition of a Torah Scholar is complex and subjective.
[edit] Historical overview The governments of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah were based on a system of Jewish kings, prophets, the legal authority of the court of the Sanhedrin and the ritual authority of priesthood. Members of the Sanhedrin had to receive their semicha ("ordination") derived in an uninterrupted line of transmission from Moses, yet rather than being referred to as "rabbis" they were more frequently called judges (dayanim) akin to the Shoftim or "Judges" as in the Book of Judges.
All of the above personalities would have been expected to be steeped in the wisdom of the Torah and the commandments, which would have made them "rabbis" in the modern sense of the word. This is illustrated by an two-thousand-year-old teaching in the Mishnah, Ethics of the Fathers (Pirkei Avot), which observed about King David,
________________
/ Thus and So /
|
"One who learns from their companion a single chapter, a single halakha, a single verse, a single Torah statement, or even a single letter, must treat them with honor. For so we find with David King of Israel, who learned nothing from Ahitophel except two things, yet called him his teacher [Hebrew text: rabbo], his guide, his intimate, as it is said: 'You are a man of my measure, my guide, my intimate' (Psalms 55:14). One can derive from this the following: If David King of Israel who learned nothing from Ahitophel except for two things, called him his teacher, his guide, his intimate, one who learns from their companion a single chapter, a single halakha, a single verse, a single statement, or even a single letter, how much more must they treat them with honor. And honor is due only for Torah, as it is said: 'The wise shall inherit honor' (Proverbs 3:35), 'and the perfect shall inherit good' (Proverbs 28:10). And only Torah is truly good, as it is said: 'I have given you a good teaching, do not forsake My Torah' (Psalms 128:2)." (Ethics of the Fathers 6:3) With the destruction of the two Temples in Jerusalem, the end of the Jewish monarchy, and the decline of the dual instititutions of prophets and the priesthood, the focus of scholarly and spiritual leadership within the Jewish people shifted to the sages of the Men of the Great Assembly (Anshe Knesset HaGedolah). This assembly was composed of the earliest group of "rabbis" in the more modern sense of the word, in large part because they began the formulation and explication of what became known as Judaism's "Oral Law" (Torah SheBe'al Peh). This was eventually encoded and codified within the Mishnah and Talmud and subsequent rabbinical scholarship, leading to what is known as Rabbinic Judaism.
[edit] Sages The title "Rabbi" was borne by the sages of ancient Israel, who were ordained by the Sanhedrin in accordance with the custom handed down by the elders. They were titled Ribbi and received authority to judge penal cases. Rab was the title of the Babylonian sages who taught in the Babylonian academies.
After the suppression of the Patriarchate and Sanhedrin by Theodosius II in 425, there was no more formal ordination in the strict sense. A recognised scholar could be called Rab or Hacham, like the Babylonian sages. The transmission of learning from master to disciple remained of tremendous importance, but there was no formal rabbinic qualification as such.
[edit] Middle Ages Maimonides rules that every congregation is obliged to appoint a preacher and scholar to admonish the community and teach Torah, and the social institution he describes is the germ of the modern congregational rabbinate. In the fifteenth century in Central Europe, the custom grew up of licensing scholars with a diploma entitling them to be called Mori (my teacher). At the time this was objected to as hukkat ha-goy (imitating the ways of the Gentiles), as it was felt to resemble the conferring of doctorates in Christian universities. However the system spread, and it is this diploma that is referred to as semicha (ordination) at the present day.
[edit] 18th-19th century In 19th century Germany and the United States, the duties of the rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the Protestant Christian Minister, hence the title "pulpit rabbis". Sermons, pastoral counseling, representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance. Non-Orthodox rabbis, on a day-to-day business basis, now spend more time on these traditionally non-rabbinic functions than they do teaching, or answering questions on Jewish law and philosophy. Within the Modern Orthodox community, rabbis still mainly deal with teaching and questions of Jewish law, but are increasingly dealing with these same pastoral functions. Orthodox Judaism's National Council of Young Israel and Modern Orthodox Judaism's Rabbinical Council of America have set up supplemental pastoral training programs for their rabbis.
Traditionally, rabbis have never been an intermediary between God and humans. This idea was traditionally considered outside the bounds of Jewish theology. Unlike spiritual leaders in many other faiths, they are not considered to be imbued with special powers or abilities.
In an ironic twist, the secular system in most states requires that a Jewish wedding be performed by an ordained rabbi in order to be legally recognized, even though there is no such requirement in Jewish law. In other words, the secular system treats rabbis as the Jewish equivalent to Catholic Priests or Protestant Ministers, although they are not religious equivalents.
[edit] Authority Rabbi instructing children in 2004. Acceptance of rabbinic credentials involves both issues of practicality and principle.
As a practical matter, communities and individuals typically tend to follow the authority of the rabbi they have chosen as their leader (called by some as the mara d'atra) on issues of Jewish law. They may recognize that other rabbis have the same authority elsewhere, but for decisions and opinions important to them they will work through their own rabbi.
The same pattern is true within broader communities, ranging from Hasidic communities to rabbinical or congregational organizations: there will be a formal or de facto structure of rabbinic authority that is responsible for the members of the community.
[edit] Ordination Traditionally, a person obtains semicha ("rabbinic ordination") after the completion of an arduous learning program in the codes of Jewish law and responsa.
The most general form of semicha is Yore yore ("he shall teach"). Most Rabbis hold this qualification; they are sometimes called a moreh hora'ah ("a teacher of rulings"). A more advanced form of semicha is Yadin yadin ("he shall judge"). This enables the recipient to adjudicate cases of monetary law, amongst other responsibilities. Although the recipient can now be formally addressed as a dayan ("judge"), the vast majority retain the title rabbi. Only a small percentage of rabbis earn this ordination. Although not strictly necessary, many Orthodox rabbis hold that a beth din (court of Jewish law) should be made up of dayanim.
[edit] Orthodox Judaism An Orthodox semicha requires the successful completion of a rigorous program encompassing Jewish law and responsa in keeping with longstanding tradition. Orthodox rabbinical students work to gain knowledge in Talmud, Rishonim and Acharonim (early and late medieval commentators) and Jewish law. They study sections of the Shulchan Aruch (codified Jewish law) and its main commentaries that pertain to daily-life questions (such as the laws of keeping kosher, Shabbat, and the laws of family purity). Orthodox rabbis typically study at yeshivas, which are dedicated religious schools. Modern Orthodox rabbinical students, such as those at Yeshiva University, study some elements of modern theology or philosophy, as well as the classical rabbinic works on such subjects.
______________________
/ Othri / Hurried His Words / of / Ono and Lod of Dan /
The entrance requirements for an Orthodox yeshiva include a strong background within Jewish law, liturgy, Talmudic study, and attendant languages (e.g., Hebrew, Aramaic and in some cases Yiddish). Since rabbinical studies typically flow from other yeshiva studies, those who seek a semicha are typically not required to have completed a university education. There are some exceptions to this rule, including Yeshiva University, which requires all rabbinical students to complete an undergraduate degree before entering the program and a Masters or equivalent before ordination. Yeshivat Chovevei Torah Rabbinical School also requires an undergraduate degree before entering the program.
[edit] Haredi Judaism While some Haredi (including Hasidic) yeshivas (also known as "Talmudical/Rabbinical schools or academies") do grant official semicha ("ordination") to many students wishing to become rabbis, most of the students within the yeshivas engage in learning Torah or Talmud without the goal of becoming rabbis or holding any official positions.
The curriculum for obtaining semicha ("ordination") as rabbis for Haredi and Hasidic scholars is the same as described above for all Orthodox students wishing to obtain the official title of "Rabbi" and to be recognized as such.
Women do not, and cannot,[citation needed] become rabbis in Orthodox Judaism. Only men can do so, and only after a long process of study in, and recognition by, their own yeshivas.
Within the Hasidic world, the positions of spiritual leadership are dynastically transmitted within established families, usually from fathers to sons, while a small number of students obtain official ordination to become dayanim ("judges") on religious courts, poskim ("decisors" of Jewish law), as well as teachers in the Hasidic schools. The same is true for the non-Hasidic Litvish yeshivas that are controlled by dynastically transmitted rosh yeshivas and the majority of students will not become rabbis, even after many years of post-graduate kollel study.
Some yeshivas, such as Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim (in New York) and Yeshiva Ner Yisrael (in Baltimore, Maryland), may encourage their students to obtain semicha and mostly serve as rabbis who teach in other yeshivas or Hebrew day schools. Other yeshivas, such as Yeshiva Chaim Berlin (Brooklyn, New York) or the Mirrer Yeshiva (in Brooklyn and Jerusalem), do not have an official "semicha/rabbinical program" to train rabbis, but provide semicha on an "as needs" basis if and when one of their senior students is offered a rabbinical position but only with the approval of their rosh yeshivas.
Consequently, within the world of Haredi Judaism, the English word and title of "Rabbi" for anyone is often scorned and derided, because in their view the once-lofty title of "Rabbi" has been debased in modern times. This is one reason that Haredim will often prefer using Hebrew names for rabbinic titles based on older traditions, such as: Rav (denoting "[great] rabbi"), HaRav ("the [great] rabbi"), Moreinu HaRav ("our teacher the [great] rabbi"), Moreinu ("our teacher"), Moreinu VeRabeinu HaRav ("our teacher and our rabbi/master the [great] rabbi"), Moreinu VeRabeinu ("our teacher and our rabbi/master"), Rosh yeshiva ("[the] head [of the] yeshiva"), Rosh HaYeshiva ("head [of] the yeshiva"), "Mashgiach" (for Mashgiach ruchani) ("spiritual supervsor/guide"), Mora DeAsra ("teacher/decisor" [of] the/this place"), HaGaon ("the genius"), Rebbe ("[our/my] rabbi"), HaTzadik ("the righteous/saintly"), "ADMOR" ("Adoneinu Moreinu VeRabeinu") ("our master, our teacher and our rabbi/master") or often just plain Reb which is a shortened form of rebbe that can be used by, or applied to, any married Jewish male as the situation applies.
Note: A rebbetzin (a Yiddish usage common among Ashkenazim) or a rabbanit (in Hebrew and used among Sephardim) is the official "title" used for, or by, the wife of any Orthodox, Haredi, or Hasidic rabbi. Rebbetzin may also be used as the equivalent of Reb and is sometimes abbreviated as such as well.
[edit] Conservative and Masorti Judaism Conservative Judaism confers rabbinic ordination after the completion of a rigorous program in the codes of Jewish law and responsa in keeping with Jewish tradition. Additional requirements include the study of: the Hebrew Bible, Mishna and Talmud, the Midrash literature, Jewish ethics and lore, the codes of Jewish law, the Conservative responsa literature, both traditional and modern Jewish works on theology and philosophy.
Conservative Judaism has less stringent study requirements for Talmud and responsa study compared to Orthodoxy but adds following subjects as requirements for rabbinic ordination: pastoral care and psychology, the historical development of Judaism; and academic biblical criticism.
Entrance requirements to a Conservative rabbinical study include a strong background within Jewish law and liturgy, knowledge of Hebrew, familiarity with rabbinic literature, Talmud, etc., and the completion of an undergraduate university degree. Rabbinical students usually earn a secular degree (e.g., Master of Hebrew Letters) upon graduation. Ordination is granted at the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies in Los Angeles, the Rabbinical School of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York, the Schechter Institute for Jewish Studies in Jerusalem, the Jewish Theological Seminary – University of Jewish Studies of Budapest and the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano in Buenos Aires (Argentina).
All Conservative seminaries train women as rabbis and cantors.
[edit] Reform Judaism Reform Judaism is a liberal form of Judaism.[10] Its rabbinic studies are mandated in pastoral care, the historical development of Judaism, and academic biblical criticism, in addition to the traditional study of rabbinic texts. Rabbinic students also are required to gain practical rabbinic experience by working at a congregation.
All Reform seminaries train women as rabbis and cantors.
The seminary of Reform Judaism in the United States is Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. It has campuses in Cincinnati, New York City, Los Angeles, and in Jerusalem. In the United Kingdom the Reform and Liberal movements maintain Leo Baeck College for the training of rabbis, and in Germany the progressive Abraham Geiger College trains Europeans for the rabbinate.
[edit] Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations There are several possibilities for receiving rabbinic ordination in addition to seminaries maintained by the large Jewish denominations. These include seminaries maintained by smaller denominational movements, and nondenominational (also called "transdenominational" or "postdenominational") Jewish seminaries.
As a result, there have always been greater or lesser disputes about the legitimacy and authority of rabbis. Historical examples include Samaritans and Karaites.
The divisions between the various religious branches within Judaism may have their most pronounced manifestation on whether rabbis from one movement recognize the legitimacy or the authority of rabbis in another.
As a general rule within Orthodoxy and among some in the Conservative movement, rabbis are reluctant to accept the authority of other rabbis whose Halakhic standards are not as strict as their own. In some cases, this leads to an outright rejection of even the legitimacy of other rabbis; in others, the more lenient rabbi may be recognized as a spiritual leader of a particular community but may not be accepted as a credible authority on Jewish law.
[edit] Women Main article: Women in Judaism Rabbi Regina Jonas, the world's first female rabbi, ordained in 1935, killed in the Holocaust in 1944. [1]. With some rare exceptions (see below), women historically have generally not served as rabbis until the modern era. Today all types of Judaism except for Orthodox Judaism allow and do have female rabbis [14].
In Orthodox Judaism, women cannot become rabbis, although there is no prohibition against women learning halakhah that pertains to them, nor is it any more problematic for a woman to rule on such issues than it is for any lay person to do so.[15] Rather, the issue lies in the rabbi's position of communal authority. Following the ruling of the talmud, the decisors of Jewish law held that women were not allowed to serve in positions of authority over a community, such as judges or kings.[16][17] The position of official rabbi of a community, mara de'atra ("master of the place"), has generally been treated in the responsa as such a position. This ruling is still followed in traditional and orthodox circles but has been relaxed in branches like Conservative and Reform Judaism that are less strict in their adherence to traditional Jewish law.
There were some rare cases of women acting as rabbis in earlier centuries, such as the 17th century Asenath Barzani, who acted as a rabbi among Kurdish Jews [2]. Hannah Rachel Verbermacher, also known as the Maiden of Ludmir, was a 19th century Hasidic rebbe, the only female rebbe in the history of Hasidism.[18]
The first formally ordained female rabbi was Regina Jonas, ordained in Germany in 1935 [19]. Since 1972, when Sally Priesand became the first female rabbi in Reform Judaism[20], Reform Judaism's Hebrew Union College has ordained 552 women rabbis (as of 2008).[21]
Sandy Eisenberg Sasso became the first female rabbi in Reconstructionist Judaism in 1974 [22] (one of 110 by 2006); and Amy Eilberg became the first female rabbi in Conservative Judaism in 1985 [23] (one of 177 by 2006). Lynn Gottlieb became the first female rabbi in Jewish Renewal in 1981 [24], and Tamara Kolton became the very first rabbi (and therefore, since she was female, the first female rabbi) in Humanistic Judaism in 1999 [25]. In 2009 Alysa Stanton became the world's first African-American female rabbi.[26]
In Europe, Leo Baeck College had ordained 30 female rabbis by 2006 (out of 158 ordinations in total since 1956), starting with Jackie Tabick in 1975.[27]
The consensus of the Orthodox Jewish community has been[who?] that women are ineligible to becoming rabbis; the growing calls for Orthodox yeshivas to admit women as rabbinical students have resulted in widespread opposition among the Orthodox rabbinate. Rabbi Norman Lamm, one of the leaders of Modern Orthodoxy and Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshiva University's Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, opposes giving semicha to women. "It shakes the boundaries of tradition, and I would never allow it." (Helmreich, 1997) Writing in an article in the Jewish Observer, Moshe Y'chiail Friedman states that Orthodox Judaism prohibits women from being given semicha and serving as rabbis. He holds that the trend towards this goal is driven by sociology, and not halakha ("Jewish law"). In his words, the idea is a "quirky fad."[28] No Orthodox rabbinical association (e.g. Agudath Yisrael, Rabbinical Council of America) has allowed women to be ordained using the term rabbi.[citation needed]
However, in the last twenty years Orthodox Judaism has begun to develop clergy-like roles for women as halakhic court advisors and congregational advisors. Some Orthodox Jewish women now serve in Orthodox Jewish congregations in roles that previously were reserved for males, specifically rabbis. The grammatically correct Hebrew feminine parallel to the masculine title rabbi is rabbanit (רבנית) sometimes used for women in this role.[29] Sara Hurwitz, considered by some the first Orthodox woman rabbi, following correct Hebrew feminized grammar of rav (רב), used the title rabba (רבה). Other women in Jewish leadership, like Rachel Kohl Finegold and Lynn Kaye, do not have official titles, but function as de facto assistant rabbis.
In Israel, the Shalom Hartman Institute, founded by Orthodox Rabbi David Hartman, opened a program in 2009 that will grant semicha to women and men of all Jewish denominations, including Orthodox Judaism, although the students are meant to "assume the role of 'rabbi-educators' – not pulpit rabbis- in North American community day schools. [3].[30]
Rabbi Aryeh Strikovski (Machanaim Yeshiva and Pardes Institute) worked in the 1990s with Rabbi Avraham Shapira (then a co-Chief rabbi of Israel) to initiate the program for training Orthodox women as halakhic Toanot ("advocates") in rabbinic courts. They have since trained nearly seventy women in Israel. Strikovski states that "The knowledge one requires to become a court advocate is more than a regular ordination, and now to pass certification is much more difficult than to get ordination."[citation needed] Furthermore, Rav Strikovsky granted ordination to Haviva Ner-David (who is American) in 2006, although she has not been able to find a job as a rabbi.[31]
In Israel a growing number of Orthodox women are being trained as yoatzot halakhah.[32]
…Strikovski and his colleagues aren't willing to confer a title commensurate with experience. Clarifying his position, he laughs, "If a man passed such a test [on Halakha] we would call him a rabbi – but who cares what you call it?" he says. "Rav Soloveitchik, my teacher, always used to say: 'If you know [Jewish law], then you don't need ordination; and if you don't know, then ordination won't make a difference.'" Further, the title of rabbi only had meaning during the time of the Sanhedrin, he argues. "Later titles were modified from generation to generation and community to community, and now the important thing is not the title but that there is a revolution where women can and do study the oral law." + – :(Feldinger, 2005) Rahel Berkovits, an Orthodox Talmud teacher at Jerusalem's Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies, states that as a result of such changes in Haredi and Modern Orthodox Judaism, "Orthodox women found and oversee prayer communities, argue cases in rabbinic courts, advise on halachic issues, and dominate in social work activities that are all very associated with the role a rabbi performs, even though these women do not have the official title of rabbi."[citation needed]
The use of Toanot is not restricted to any one segment of Orthodoxy; In Israel they have worked with Haredi and Modern Orthodox Jews. Orthodox women may study the laws of family purity at the same level of detail that Orthodox males do at Nishmat, the Jerusalem Center for Advanced Jewish Study for Women. The purpose is for them to be able to act as halakhic advisors for other women, a role that traditionally was limited to male rabbis. This course of study is overseen by Rabbi Yaakov Varhaftig.[citation needed]
[edit] Modern Orthodox trends Furthermore, several efforts are underway within Modern Orthodox communities to include qualified women in activities traditionally limited to rabbis:
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Jewish left · Jewish right In Judaism, a rabbi ( /ˈræbaɪ/) is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word רבי rabi [ˈʁäbi], meaning "My Master" (irregular plural רבנים rabanim [ʁäbäˈnim]), which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. This word "master" רב rav [ˈʁäv] literally means "great one" or one who is "abundant/much/many".
The basic form of the rabbi developed in the Pharisaic and Talmudic era, when learned teachers assembled to codify Judaism's written and oral laws. In more recent centuries, the duties of the rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the Protestant Christian minister, hence the title "pulpit rabbis", and in 19th century Germany and the United States rabbinic activities including sermons, pastoral counseling, and representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance.
Within the various Jewish denominations there are different requirements for rabbinic ordination, and differences in opinion regarding who is to be recognized as a rabbi. All types of Judaism except for Orthodox Judaism ordain women as rabbis and cantors [1] [2].
Contents [hide]
- 1 The word 'rabbi'
- 2 Honor
- 3 Historical overview
- 4 Ordination
- 5 Interdenominational recognition
- 6 Women
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Rabbi is not an occupation found in the Torah (i.e. the Pentateuch) and ancient generations did not employ related titles such as Rabban, Ribbi, or Rab to describe either the Babylonian sages or the sages in Israel.[4] The titles "Rabban" and "Rabbi" are first mentioned in the Mishnah (c. 200 CE). The term was first used for Rabban Gamaliel the elder, Rabban Simeon his son, and Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai, all of whom were patriarchs or presidents of the Sanhedrin.[5] A Greek transliteration of the word ῥαββί hrab-bee' is found in the books of Matthew, Mark and John in the New Testament, where it is used in reference to "Scribes and Pharisees" as well as to Jesus.[6]
[edit] Pronunciation Sephardic and Yemenite Jews pronounce this word רִבִּי ribbī ; the modern Israeli pronunciation רַבִּי rabi is derived from an 18th century innovation in Ashkenazic prayer books, although this vocalization is also found in some ancient sources. Other variants are rəvī and, in Yiddish, rebbə. The word could be compared to the Syriac word ܪܒܝ rabi.
In ancient Hebrew, rabbi was a proper term of address while speaking to a superior, in the second person, similar to a vocative case. While speaking about a superior, in the third person one could say ha-rav ("the Master") or rabbo ("his Master"). Later, the term evolved into a formal title for members of the Patriarchate. Thus, the title gained an irregular plural form: רַבָּנִים rabbanim ("rabbis"), and not רַבָּי rabbay ("my Masters").
[edit] Honor There is a mitzvah to stand up for a Rabbi or Torah Scholar when they enter one's presence.[7] However, if one is more learned than the Rabbi there is no need to stand. One must also stand for the spouse of a Rabbi or Torah Scholar and address them with the utmost respect.[8] In many places today and throughout history, Rabbis and Torah Scholars had the power to place individuals who insulted them in excommunication.[9] Kohanim, like everyone else, are required to honor Rabbis and Torah Scholars.
The definition of a Torah Scholar is complex and subjective.
[edit] Historical overview The governments of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah were based on a system of Jewish kings, prophets, the legal authority of the court of the Sanhedrin and the ritual authority of priesthood. Members of the Sanhedrin had to receive their semicha ("ordination") derived in an uninterrupted line of transmission from Moses, yet rather than being referred to as "rabbis" they were more frequently called judges (dayanim) akin to the Shoftim or "Judges" as in the Book of Judges.
All of the above personalities would have been expected to be steeped in the wisdom of the Torah and the commandments, which would have made them "rabbis" in the modern sense of the word. This is illustrated by an two-thousand-year-old teaching in the Mishnah, Ethics of the Fathers (Pirkei Avot), which observed about King David,
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"One who learns from their companion a single chapter, a single halakha, a single verse, a single Torah statement, or even a single letter, must treat them with honor. For so we find with David King of Israel, who learned nothing from Ahitophel except two things, yet called him his teacher [Hebrew text: rabbo], his guide, his intimate, as it is said: 'You are a man of my measure, my guide, my intimate' (Psalms 55:14). One can derive from this the following: If David King of Israel who learned nothing from Ahitophel except for two things, called him his teacher, his guide, his intimate, one who learns from their companion a single chapter, a single halakha, a single verse, a single statement, or even a single letter, how much more must they treat them with honor. And honor is due only for Torah, as it is said: 'The wise shall inherit honor' (Proverbs 3:35), 'and the perfect shall inherit good' (Proverbs 28:10). And only Torah is truly good, as it is said: 'I have given you a good teaching, do not forsake My Torah' (Psalms 128:2)." (Ethics of the Fathers 6:3) With the destruction of the two Temples in Jerusalem, the end of the Jewish monarchy, and the decline of the dual instititutions of prophets and the priesthood, the focus of scholarly and spiritual leadership within the Jewish people shifted to the sages of the Men of the Great Assembly (Anshe Knesset HaGedolah). This assembly was composed of the earliest group of "rabbis" in the more modern sense of the word, in large part because they began the formulation and explication of what became known as Judaism's "Oral Law" (Torah SheBe'al Peh). This was eventually encoded and codified within the Mishnah and Talmud and subsequent rabbinical scholarship, leading to what is known as Rabbinic Judaism.
[edit] Sages The title "Rabbi" was borne by the sages of ancient Israel, who were ordained by the Sanhedrin in accordance with the custom handed down by the elders. They were titled Ribbi and received authority to judge penal cases. Rab was the title of the Babylonian sages who taught in the Babylonian academies.
After the suppression of the Patriarchate and Sanhedrin by Theodosius II in 425, there was no more formal ordination in the strict sense. A recognised scholar could be called Rab or Hacham, like the Babylonian sages. The transmission of learning from master to disciple remained of tremendous importance, but there was no formal rabbinic qualification as such.
[edit] Middle Ages Maimonides rules that every congregation is obliged to appoint a preacher and scholar to admonish the community and teach Torah, and the social institution he describes is the germ of the modern congregational rabbinate. In the fifteenth century in Central Europe, the custom grew up of licensing scholars with a diploma entitling them to be called Mori (my teacher). At the time this was objected to as hukkat ha-goy (imitating the ways of the Gentiles), as it was felt to resemble the conferring of doctorates in Christian universities. However the system spread, and it is this diploma that is referred to as semicha (ordination) at the present day.
[edit] 18th-19th century In 19th century Germany and the United States, the duties of the rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the Protestant Christian Minister, hence the title "pulpit rabbis". Sermons, pastoral counseling, representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance. Non-Orthodox rabbis, on a day-to-day business basis, now spend more time on these traditionally non-rabbinic functions than they do teaching, or answering questions on Jewish law and philosophy. Within the Modern Orthodox community, rabbis still mainly deal with teaching and questions of Jewish law, but are increasingly dealing with these same pastoral functions. Orthodox Judaism's National Council of Young Israel and Modern Orthodox Judaism's Rabbinical Council of America have set up supplemental pastoral training programs for their rabbis.
Traditionally, rabbis have never been an intermediary between God and humans. This idea was traditionally considered outside the bounds of Jewish theology. Unlike spiritual leaders in many other faiths, they are not considered to be imbued with special powers or abilities.
In an ironic twist, the secular system in most states requires that a Jewish wedding be performed by an ordained rabbi in order to be legally recognized, even though there is no such requirement in Jewish law. In other words, the secular system treats rabbis as the Jewish equivalent to Catholic Priests or Protestant Ministers, although they are not religious equivalents.
[edit] Authority Rabbi instructing children in 2004. Acceptance of rabbinic credentials involves both issues of practicality and principle.
As a practical matter, communities and individuals typically tend to follow the authority of the rabbi they have chosen as their leader (called by some as the mara d'atra) on issues of Jewish law. They may recognize that other rabbis have the same authority elsewhere, but for decisions and opinions important to them they will work through their own rabbi.
The same pattern is true within broader communities, ranging from Hasidic communities to rabbinical or congregational organizations: there will be a formal or de facto structure of rabbinic authority that is responsible for the members of the community.
[edit] Ordination Traditionally, a person obtains semicha ("rabbinic ordination") after the completion of an arduous learning program in the codes of Jewish law and responsa.
The most general form of semicha is Yore yore ("he shall teach"). Most Rabbis hold this qualification; they are sometimes called a moreh hora'ah ("a teacher of rulings"). A more advanced form of semicha is Yadin yadin ("he shall judge"). This enables the recipient to adjudicate cases of monetary law, amongst other responsibilities. Although the recipient can now be formally addressed as a dayan ("judge"), the vast majority retain the title rabbi. Only a small percentage of rabbis earn this ordination. Although not strictly necessary, many Orthodox rabbis hold that a beth din (court of Jewish law) should be made up of dayanim.
[edit] Orthodox Judaism An Orthodox semicha requires the successful completion of a rigorous program encompassing Jewish law and responsa in keeping with longstanding tradition. Orthodox rabbinical students work to gain knowledge in Talmud, Rishonim and Acharonim (early and late medieval commentators) and Jewish law. They study sections of the Shulchan Aruch (codified Jewish law) and its main commentaries that pertain to daily-life questions (such as the laws of keeping kosher, Shabbat, and the laws of family purity). Orthodox rabbis typically study at yeshivas, which are dedicated religious schools. Modern Orthodox rabbinical students, such as those at Yeshiva University, study some elements of modern theology or philosophy, as well as the classical rabbinic works on such subjects.
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/ Othri / Hurried His Words / of / Ono and Lod of Dan /
The entrance requirements for an Orthodox yeshiva include a strong background within Jewish law, liturgy, Talmudic study, and attendant languages (e.g., Hebrew, Aramaic and in some cases Yiddish). Since rabbinical studies typically flow from other yeshiva studies, those who seek a semicha are typically not required to have completed a university education. There are some exceptions to this rule, including Yeshiva University, which requires all rabbinical students to complete an undergraduate degree before entering the program and a Masters or equivalent before ordination. Yeshivat Chovevei Torah Rabbinical School also requires an undergraduate degree before entering the program.
[edit] Haredi Judaism While some Haredi (including Hasidic) yeshivas (also known as "Talmudical/Rabbinical schools or academies") do grant official semicha ("ordination") to many students wishing to become rabbis, most of the students within the yeshivas engage in learning Torah or Talmud without the goal of becoming rabbis or holding any official positions.
The curriculum for obtaining semicha ("ordination") as rabbis for Haredi and Hasidic scholars is the same as described above for all Orthodox students wishing to obtain the official title of "Rabbi" and to be recognized as such.
Women do not, and cannot,[citation needed] become rabbis in Orthodox Judaism. Only men can do so, and only after a long process of study in, and recognition by, their own yeshivas.
Within the Hasidic world, the positions of spiritual leadership are dynastically transmitted within established families, usually from fathers to sons, while a small number of students obtain official ordination to become dayanim ("judges") on religious courts, poskim ("decisors" of Jewish law), as well as teachers in the Hasidic schools. The same is true for the non-Hasidic Litvish yeshivas that are controlled by dynastically transmitted rosh yeshivas and the majority of students will not become rabbis, even after many years of post-graduate kollel study.
Some yeshivas, such as Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim (in New York) and Yeshiva Ner Yisrael (in Baltimore, Maryland), may encourage their students to obtain semicha and mostly serve as rabbis who teach in other yeshivas or Hebrew day schools. Other yeshivas, such as Yeshiva Chaim Berlin (Brooklyn, New York) or the Mirrer Yeshiva (in Brooklyn and Jerusalem), do not have an official "semicha/rabbinical program" to train rabbis, but provide semicha on an "as needs" basis if and when one of their senior students is offered a rabbinical position but only with the approval of their rosh yeshivas.
Consequently, within the world of Haredi Judaism, the English word and title of "Rabbi" for anyone is often scorned and derided, because in their view the once-lofty title of "Rabbi" has been debased in modern times. This is one reason that Haredim will often prefer using Hebrew names for rabbinic titles based on older traditions, such as: Rav (denoting "[great] rabbi"), HaRav ("the [great] rabbi"), Moreinu HaRav ("our teacher the [great] rabbi"), Moreinu ("our teacher"), Moreinu VeRabeinu HaRav ("our teacher and our rabbi/master the [great] rabbi"), Moreinu VeRabeinu ("our teacher and our rabbi/master"), Rosh yeshiva ("[the] head [of the] yeshiva"), Rosh HaYeshiva ("head [of] the yeshiva"), "Mashgiach" (for Mashgiach ruchani) ("spiritual supervsor/guide"), Mora DeAsra ("teacher/decisor" [of] the/this place"), HaGaon ("the genius"), Rebbe ("[our/my] rabbi"), HaTzadik ("the righteous/saintly"), "ADMOR" ("Adoneinu Moreinu VeRabeinu") ("our master, our teacher and our rabbi/master") or often just plain Reb which is a shortened form of rebbe that can be used by, or applied to, any married Jewish male as the situation applies.
Note: A rebbetzin (a Yiddish usage common among Ashkenazim) or a rabbanit (in Hebrew and used among Sephardim) is the official "title" used for, or by, the wife of any Orthodox, Haredi, or Hasidic rabbi. Rebbetzin may also be used as the equivalent of Reb and is sometimes abbreviated as such as well.
[edit] Conservative and Masorti Judaism Conservative Judaism confers rabbinic ordination after the completion of a rigorous program in the codes of Jewish law and responsa in keeping with Jewish tradition. Additional requirements include the study of: the Hebrew Bible, Mishna and Talmud, the Midrash literature, Jewish ethics and lore, the codes of Jewish law, the Conservative responsa literature, both traditional and modern Jewish works on theology and philosophy.
Conservative Judaism has less stringent study requirements for Talmud and responsa study compared to Orthodoxy but adds following subjects as requirements for rabbinic ordination: pastoral care and psychology, the historical development of Judaism; and academic biblical criticism.
Entrance requirements to a Conservative rabbinical study include a strong background within Jewish law and liturgy, knowledge of Hebrew, familiarity with rabbinic literature, Talmud, etc., and the completion of an undergraduate university degree. Rabbinical students usually earn a secular degree (e.g., Master of Hebrew Letters) upon graduation. Ordination is granted at the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies in Los Angeles, the Rabbinical School of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York, the Schechter Institute for Jewish Studies in Jerusalem, the Jewish Theological Seminary – University of Jewish Studies of Budapest and the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano in Buenos Aires (Argentina).
All Conservative seminaries train women as rabbis and cantors.
[edit] Reform Judaism Reform Judaism is a liberal form of Judaism.[10] Its rabbinic studies are mandated in pastoral care, the historical development of Judaism, and academic biblical criticism, in addition to the traditional study of rabbinic texts. Rabbinic students also are required to gain practical rabbinic experience by working at a congregation.
All Reform seminaries train women as rabbis and cantors.
The seminary of Reform Judaism in the United States is Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. It has campuses in Cincinnati, New York City, Los Angeles, and in Jerusalem. In the United Kingdom the Reform and Liberal movements maintain Leo Baeck College for the training of rabbis, and in Germany the progressive Abraham Geiger College trains Europeans for the rabbinate.
[edit] Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations There are several possibilities for receiving rabbinic ordination in addition to seminaries maintained by the large Jewish denominations. These include seminaries maintained by smaller denominational movements, and nondenominational (also called "transdenominational" or "postdenominational") Jewish seminaries.
- Humanistic Judaism has the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism, which currently has two centers of activity: one in Jerusalem and the other in Farmington Hills, Michigan. Both places ordain women as well as men as rabbis, and do not ordain cantors of either sex.
- Jewish Renewal has an ordination program, ALEPH, but no central campus. Orthodox Judaism holds that this program does not produce valid rabbis. ALEPH ordains women as well as men as rabbis and cantors.
- Mizrahi Netzarim Judaism has the Cushite Hebrew Yeshiva, which is a non-messianic Yeshiva that follows the customs of North African Jews, and is located in Atlanta. It offers Rabbinical, Kohanim, and Jewish Pastor Studies, in addition to other options of study such as Holistic Medicine through traditional Apprenticeship methods of training (Rabbi to Disciple or Doctor to Student). Graduates receive Masters of Hebrew Letters or Masters of Netzarim Hebrew Theology degrees depending on the leadership apprenticeship concentration sought.
- Reconstructionist Judaism has the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, which is located in Pennsylvania and ordains women as well as men as rabbis and cantors.
- The Academy for Jewish Religion, in New York City, since 1956, and the unrelated Academy for Jewish Religion-California, in Los Angeles, since 2000, have been rabbinic (and cantorial) seminaries unaffiliated with any denomination or movement. Hebrew College, near Boston, includes a similarly unaffiliated rabbinic school, opened in the Fall of 2003. These seminaries are accepted by all non-Orthodox rabbis as valid rabbinical seminaries, and they all ordain women as well as men as rabbis and cantors. Orthodox Jews do not consider these ordinations valid, because these seminaries do not consider Orthodox halacha to be binding.
- The Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute (JSLI), offers a one year program, meets in weekly online classes via the Internet and ordains women as well as men as unaffiliated rabbis to meet the needs of unaffiliated Jews as well as interfaith couples and their families. It subscribes to Jewish Universalism, promoting religious tolerance and asserting that there are many paths to 'the One.' JSLI ordained its first class of rabbis in August 2011.[11]
- The Rabbinical Seminary International is a rabbinical seminary in New York, which ordains women as well as men as rabbis, and does not ordain cantors of either sex. It is a transdenominational rabbinical seminary in the Neo-Hasidic tradition. [12]
- The Union for Traditional Judaism (UTJ), an offshoot of the left-wing of Orthodoxy and the right-wing of Conservative Judaism, has a non-denominational seminary in New Jersey;[13] the seminary is accepted by all non-Orthodox rabbis as a valid, traditional rabbinical seminary. The vast majority of Orthodox Jews do not recognize ordination from UTJ. However, it bridges Conservative and Orthodox Judaism, and Modern Orthodox synagogues have hired UTJ rabbis. Though the more mainstream body of Modern Orthodox Judaism, such as the Rabbinical Council of America, does not recognize ordination from UTJ. UTJ only ordains men as rabbis and cantors.
As a result, there have always been greater or lesser disputes about the legitimacy and authority of rabbis. Historical examples include Samaritans and Karaites.
The divisions between the various religious branches within Judaism may have their most pronounced manifestation on whether rabbis from one movement recognize the legitimacy or the authority of rabbis in another.
As a general rule within Orthodoxy and among some in the Conservative movement, rabbis are reluctant to accept the authority of other rabbis whose Halakhic standards are not as strict as their own. In some cases, this leads to an outright rejection of even the legitimacy of other rabbis; in others, the more lenient rabbi may be recognized as a spiritual leader of a particular community but may not be accepted as a credible authority on Jewish law.
- The Orthodox rabbinical establishment rejects the validity of Conservative, Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis on the grounds that their movements' teachings are in violation of traditional Jewish tenets. Some Modern Orthodox rabbis are respectful toward non-Orthodox rabbis and focus on commonalities even as they disagree on interpretation of some areas of Halakha (with Conservative rabbis) or the authority of Halakha (with Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis).
- Conservative rabbis accept the legitimacy of Orthodox rabbis, though they are often critical of Orthodox positions. Although they would rarely look to Reform or Reconstructionist rabbis for Halakhic decisions, they accept the legitimacy of these rabbis' religious leadership.
- Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis, on the premise that all the main movements are legitimate expressions of Judaism, will accept the legitimacy of other rabbis' leadership, though will not accept their views on Jewish law, since Reform and Reconstructionism reject Halakha as binding.
[edit] Women Main article: Women in Judaism Rabbi Regina Jonas, the world's first female rabbi, ordained in 1935, killed in the Holocaust in 1944. [1]. With some rare exceptions (see below), women historically have generally not served as rabbis until the modern era. Today all types of Judaism except for Orthodox Judaism allow and do have female rabbis [14].
In Orthodox Judaism, women cannot become rabbis, although there is no prohibition against women learning halakhah that pertains to them, nor is it any more problematic for a woman to rule on such issues than it is for any lay person to do so.[15] Rather, the issue lies in the rabbi's position of communal authority. Following the ruling of the talmud, the decisors of Jewish law held that women were not allowed to serve in positions of authority over a community, such as judges or kings.[16][17] The position of official rabbi of a community, mara de'atra ("master of the place"), has generally been treated in the responsa as such a position. This ruling is still followed in traditional and orthodox circles but has been relaxed in branches like Conservative and Reform Judaism that are less strict in their adherence to traditional Jewish law.
There were some rare cases of women acting as rabbis in earlier centuries, such as the 17th century Asenath Barzani, who acted as a rabbi among Kurdish Jews [2]. Hannah Rachel Verbermacher, also known as the Maiden of Ludmir, was a 19th century Hasidic rebbe, the only female rebbe in the history of Hasidism.[18]
The first formally ordained female rabbi was Regina Jonas, ordained in Germany in 1935 [19]. Since 1972, when Sally Priesand became the first female rabbi in Reform Judaism[20], Reform Judaism's Hebrew Union College has ordained 552 women rabbis (as of 2008).[21]
Sandy Eisenberg Sasso became the first female rabbi in Reconstructionist Judaism in 1974 [22] (one of 110 by 2006); and Amy Eilberg became the first female rabbi in Conservative Judaism in 1985 [23] (one of 177 by 2006). Lynn Gottlieb became the first female rabbi in Jewish Renewal in 1981 [24], and Tamara Kolton became the very first rabbi (and therefore, since she was female, the first female rabbi) in Humanistic Judaism in 1999 [25]. In 2009 Alysa Stanton became the world's first African-American female rabbi.[26]
In Europe, Leo Baeck College had ordained 30 female rabbis by 2006 (out of 158 ordinations in total since 1956), starting with Jackie Tabick in 1975.[27]
The consensus of the Orthodox Jewish community has been[who?] that women are ineligible to becoming rabbis; the growing calls for Orthodox yeshivas to admit women as rabbinical students have resulted in widespread opposition among the Orthodox rabbinate. Rabbi Norman Lamm, one of the leaders of Modern Orthodoxy and Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshiva University's Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, opposes giving semicha to women. "It shakes the boundaries of tradition, and I would never allow it." (Helmreich, 1997) Writing in an article in the Jewish Observer, Moshe Y'chiail Friedman states that Orthodox Judaism prohibits women from being given semicha and serving as rabbis. He holds that the trend towards this goal is driven by sociology, and not halakha ("Jewish law"). In his words, the idea is a "quirky fad."[28] No Orthodox rabbinical association (e.g. Agudath Yisrael, Rabbinical Council of America) has allowed women to be ordained using the term rabbi.[citation needed]
However, in the last twenty years Orthodox Judaism has begun to develop clergy-like roles for women as halakhic court advisors and congregational advisors. Some Orthodox Jewish women now serve in Orthodox Jewish congregations in roles that previously were reserved for males, specifically rabbis. The grammatically correct Hebrew feminine parallel to the masculine title rabbi is rabbanit (רבנית) sometimes used for women in this role.[29] Sara Hurwitz, considered by some the first Orthodox woman rabbi, following correct Hebrew feminized grammar of rav (רב), used the title rabba (רבה). Other women in Jewish leadership, like Rachel Kohl Finegold and Lynn Kaye, do not have official titles, but function as de facto assistant rabbis.
In Israel, the Shalom Hartman Institute, founded by Orthodox Rabbi David Hartman, opened a program in 2009 that will grant semicha to women and men of all Jewish denominations, including Orthodox Judaism, although the students are meant to "assume the role of 'rabbi-educators' – not pulpit rabbis- in North American community day schools. [3].[30]
Rabbi Aryeh Strikovski (Machanaim Yeshiva and Pardes Institute) worked in the 1990s with Rabbi Avraham Shapira (then a co-Chief rabbi of Israel) to initiate the program for training Orthodox women as halakhic Toanot ("advocates") in rabbinic courts. They have since trained nearly seventy women in Israel. Strikovski states that "The knowledge one requires to become a court advocate is more than a regular ordination, and now to pass certification is much more difficult than to get ordination."[citation needed] Furthermore, Rav Strikovsky granted ordination to Haviva Ner-David (who is American) in 2006, although she has not been able to find a job as a rabbi.[31]
In Israel a growing number of Orthodox women are being trained as yoatzot halakhah.[32]
…Strikovski and his colleagues aren't willing to confer a title commensurate with experience. Clarifying his position, he laughs, "If a man passed such a test [on Halakha] we would call him a rabbi – but who cares what you call it?" he says. "Rav Soloveitchik, my teacher, always used to say: 'If you know [Jewish law], then you don't need ordination; and if you don't know, then ordination won't make a difference.'" Further, the title of rabbi only had meaning during the time of the Sanhedrin, he argues. "Later titles were modified from generation to generation and community to community, and now the important thing is not the title but that there is a revolution where women can and do study the oral law." + – :(Feldinger, 2005) Rahel Berkovits, an Orthodox Talmud teacher at Jerusalem's Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies, states that as a result of such changes in Haredi and Modern Orthodox Judaism, "Orthodox women found and oversee prayer communities, argue cases in rabbinic courts, advise on halachic issues, and dominate in social work activities that are all very associated with the role a rabbi performs, even though these women do not have the official title of rabbi."[citation needed]
The use of Toanot is not restricted to any one segment of Orthodoxy; In Israel they have worked with Haredi and Modern Orthodox Jews. Orthodox women may study the laws of family purity at the same level of detail that Orthodox males do at Nishmat, the Jerusalem Center for Advanced Jewish Study for Women. The purpose is for them to be able to act as halakhic advisors for other women, a role that traditionally was limited to male rabbis. This course of study is overseen by Rabbi Yaakov Varhaftig.[citation needed]
[edit] Modern Orthodox trends Furthermore, several efforts are underway within Modern Orthodox communities to include qualified women in activities traditionally limited to rabbis:
- In the United States, Modern Orthodox rabbis Avi Weiss and Saul Berman created an advanced educational institute for women called Torat Miriam. They do not claim that the graduates of this institute are rabbis, but that the long term goal is to have women "work on a professional level in the synagogue," he said. (Helmreich, 1997)
- Rabbi Aryeh Strikovski (Mahanayim Yeshiva and Pardes Institute) worked in the 1990s with Rabbi Avraham Shapira (then a co-Chief rabbi of Israel) to initiate the program for training Orthodox women as halakhic Toanot ("advocates") in rabbinic courts. They have since trained nearly seventy women. Strikovski states that "The knowledge one requires to become a court advocate is more than a regular ordination, and now to pass certification is much more difficult than to get ordination." The use of Toanot is not restricted to any one segment of Orthodoxy; in Israel they have worked with Haredi and Modern Orthodox Jews.
- In Israel and America a growing number of Orthodox women are being trained as yoatzot halacha ("halachic advisors"), who serve many in communities ranging from Haredi to Modern Orthodox.
- At Nishmat, the Jerusalem Center for Advanced Jewish Study for Women, Orthodox women may study the laws of family purity at the same level of detail that Orthodox males do. The purpose is for them to be able to act as halakhic advisors for other women, a role that traditionally was limited to male rabbis. This course of study is overseen by Rabbi Yaakov Varhaftig.
- Rahel Berkovits, an Orthodox Talmud teacher at Jerusalem's Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies, states that as a result of such changes in Haredi and Modern Orthodox Judaism, "Orthodox women have founded and overseen prayer communities, argue cases in rabbinic courts, advise on halachic issues, and dominate in social work activities that are all very associated with the role a rabbi performs, even though these women do not have the official title of rabbi."
- In 2009, Orthodox Rabbi Avi Weiss founded Yeshivat Maharat, a school which "is dedicated to giving Orthodox women proficiency in learning and teaching Talmud, understanding Jewish law and its application to everyday life as well as the other tools necessary to be Jewish communal leaders." [4]. Those women who graduate from Yeshivat Maharat are given the title of Maharat, which "is an acronym, in Hebrew, for manhigot hilkhatiot, rukhaniot vTorahniot, meaning, someone who is a spiritual leader trained in Torah and the intricacies of Jewish law." [5]. They are then placed in Orthodox Jewish synagogues as "spiritual and halakhic leaders," although not rabbis [6].
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________________________
Romans 1
English Standard Version (ESV)
_______________________________
God's Wrath on Unrighteousness
18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness
and unrighteousness of men,
who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth.
19 For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them.
20 For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made.
So they are without excuse.
21 For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him,
but they became futile in their thinking, and their foolish hearts were darkened.
22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools,
23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man
and birds and animals and creeping things.
24 Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves,
25 because they exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen.
26 For this reason God gave them up to dishonorable passions. For their women exchanged natural relations for those that are contrary to nature;
27 and the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another, men committing shameless acts with men and receiving in themselves the due penalty for their error.
28 And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them up to a debased mind to do what ought not to be done.
29 They were filled with all manner of unrighteousness, evil, covetousness, malice.
They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, maliciousness.
They are gossips,
30 slanderers, haters of God, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents,
31 foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless.
32 Though they know God's righteous decree that those who practice such things deserve to die, they not only do them but give approval to those who practice them.
Romans 1
English Standard Version (ESV)
_______________________________
God's Wrath on Unrighteousness
18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness
and unrighteousness of men,
who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth.
19 For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them.
20 For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made.
So they are without excuse.
21 For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him,
but they became futile in their thinking, and their foolish hearts were darkened.
22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools,
23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man
and birds and animals and creeping things.
24 Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves,
25 because they exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen.
26 For this reason God gave them up to dishonorable passions. For their women exchanged natural relations for those that are contrary to nature;
27 and the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another, men committing shameless acts with men and receiving in themselves the due penalty for their error.
28 And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them up to a debased mind to do what ought not to be done.
29 They were filled with all manner of unrighteousness, evil, covetousness, malice.
They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, maliciousness.
They are gossips,
30 slanderers, haters of God, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents,
31 foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless.
32 Though they know God's righteous decree that those who practice such things deserve to die, they not only do them but give approval to those who practice them.
___________________
Romans 2
English Standard Version (ESV)
God's Righteous Judgment
2 Therefore you have no excuse, O man, every one of you who judges.
For in passing judgment on another you condemn yourself, because you, the judge,
practice the very same things.
2 We know that the judgment of God rightly falls on those who practice such things.
3 Do you suppose, O man—you who judge those who practice such things and yet do them yourself—that you will escape the judgment of God?
4 Or do you presume on the riches of his kindness and forbearance and patience,
not knowing that God's kindness is meant to lead you to repentance?
5 But because of your hard and impenitent heart you are storing up wrath for yourself
on the day of wrath when God's righteous judgment will be revealed.
6 He will render to each one according to his works:
7 to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality,
he will give eternal life;
8 but for those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness,
there will be wrath and fury.
9 There will be tribulation and distress for every human being who does evil,
the Jew first and also the Greek,
10 but glory and honor and peace for everyone who does good, the Jew first and also the Greek.
11 For God shows no partiality.
______________________________
God's Judgment and the Law
12 For all who have sinned without the law will also perish without the law,
and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law.
13 For it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous before God,
but the doers of the law who will be justified.
14 For when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do what the law requires,
they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law.
15 They show that the work of the law is written on their hearts, while their conscience
also bears witness,
and
their conflicting thoughts accuse or even excuse them
16 on that day when, according to my gospel, God judges the secrets of men by Christ Jesus.
17 But if you call yourself a Jew and rely on the law and boast in God
18 and know his will and approve what is excellent, because you are instructed from the law;
19 and if you are sure that you yourself are a guide to the blind, a light to those who are in darkness,
20 an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of children, having in the law the embodiment of knowledge and truth--
21 you then who teach others, do you not teach yourself?
While you preach against stealing, do you steal?
22 You who say that one must not commit adultery, do you commit adultery?
You who abhor idols, do you rob temples?
23 You who boast in the law dishonor God by breaking the law.
24 For, as it is written, “The name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you.”
25 For circumcision indeed is of value if you obey the law, but if you break the law,
your circumcision becomes uncircumcision.
26 So, if a man who is uncircumcised keeps the precepts of the law,
will not his uncircumcision be regarded as circumcision?
27 Then he who is physically uncircumcised but keeps the law will condemn you who have the written code and circumcision but break the law.
28 For no one is a Jew who is merely one outwardly, nor is circumcision outward and physical.
29 But a Jew is one inwardly, and circumcision is a matter of the heart,
by the Spirit, not by the letter.
His praise is not from man but from God.
_________________________________________
/ But the unbelieving Jew stirred up the Gentiles and poisoned their minds against-the brothers./
__________________________________
Romans 2
English Standard Version (ESV)
God's Righteous Judgment
2 Therefore you have no excuse, O man, every one of you who judges.
For in passing judgment on another you condemn yourself, because you, the judge,
practice the very same things.
2 We know that the judgment of God rightly falls on those who practice such things.
3 Do you suppose, O man—you who judge those who practice such things and yet do them yourself—that you will escape the judgment of God?
4 Or do you presume on the riches of his kindness and forbearance and patience,
not knowing that God's kindness is meant to lead you to repentance?
5 But because of your hard and impenitent heart you are storing up wrath for yourself
on the day of wrath when God's righteous judgment will be revealed.
6 He will render to each one according to his works:
7 to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality,
he will give eternal life;
8 but for those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness,
there will be wrath and fury.
9 There will be tribulation and distress for every human being who does evil,
the Jew first and also the Greek,
10 but glory and honor and peace for everyone who does good, the Jew first and also the Greek.
11 For God shows no partiality.
______________________________
God's Judgment and the Law
12 For all who have sinned without the law will also perish without the law,
and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law.
13 For it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous before God,
but the doers of the law who will be justified.
14 For when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do what the law requires,
they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law.
15 They show that the work of the law is written on their hearts, while their conscience
also bears witness,
and
their conflicting thoughts accuse or even excuse them
16 on that day when, according to my gospel, God judges the secrets of men by Christ Jesus.
17 But if you call yourself a Jew and rely on the law and boast in God
18 and know his will and approve what is excellent, because you are instructed from the law;
19 and if you are sure that you yourself are a guide to the blind, a light to those who are in darkness,
20 an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of children, having in the law the embodiment of knowledge and truth--
21 you then who teach others, do you not teach yourself?
While you preach against stealing, do you steal?
22 You who say that one must not commit adultery, do you commit adultery?
You who abhor idols, do you rob temples?
23 You who boast in the law dishonor God by breaking the law.
24 For, as it is written, “The name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you.”
25 For circumcision indeed is of value if you obey the law, but if you break the law,
your circumcision becomes uncircumcision.
26 So, if a man who is uncircumcised keeps the precepts of the law,
will not his uncircumcision be regarded as circumcision?
27 Then he who is physically uncircumcised but keeps the law will condemn you who have the written code and circumcision but break the law.
28 For no one is a Jew who is merely one outwardly, nor is circumcision outward and physical.
29 But a Jew is one inwardly, and circumcision is a matter of the heart,
by the Spirit, not by the letter.
His praise is not from man but from God.
_________________________________________
/ But the unbelieving Jew stirred up the Gentiles and poisoned their minds against-the brothers./
__________________________________